Domain Services

The Intent.DomainServices module generates domain services that encapsulate business logic that doesn’t naturally fit within a single entity or value object.

Overview

Domain services handle:

Multi-entity operations
Complex business rules
Domain calculations
Third-party integrations affecting the domain
Operations requiring multiple aggregates

Installation

Intent.DomainServices

Key Concepts

When to Use Domain Services

Use domain services when:

Operation involves multiple entities
Logic doesn’t belong to any single entity
Stateless operations are needed
External services affect domain logic

Don’t use domain services for:

Simple CRUD operations (use Application Services)
Data access (use Repositories)
Infrastructure concerns (use Infrastructure Services)

Generation

Domain services are generated from the Domain Designer:

Domain Service

public interface IPricingService
{
    decimal CalculateOrderTotal(Order order);
    decimal ApplyDiscount(decimal amount, Customer customer);
    bool IsEligibleForFreeShipping(Order order, Address deliveryAddress);
}

public class PricingService : IPricingService
{
    public decimal CalculateOrderTotal(Order order)
    {
        var subtotal = order.Items.Sum(x => x.Price * x.Quantity);
        var tax = CalculateTax(subtotal, order.ShippingAddress);
        var shipping = CalculateShipping(order);
        
        return subtotal + tax + shipping;
    }

    public decimal ApplyDiscount(decimal amount, Customer customer)
    {
        if (customer.IsVIP)
            return amount * 0.9m; // 10% discount
        
        if (customer.TotalPurchases > 1000)
            return amount * 0.95m; // 5% discount
        
        return amount;
    }

    public bool IsEligibleForFreeShipping(
        Order order, 
        Address deliveryAddress)
    {
        if (order.Total >= 50)
            return true;
        
        if (deliveryAddress.IsLocal())
            return order.Total >= 25;
        
        return false;
    }

    private decimal CalculateTax(decimal amount, Address address)
    {
        // Tax calculation logic based on address
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }

    private decimal CalculateShipping(Order order)
    {
        // Shipping calculation logic
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}

Common Patterns

Transfer Operations

Transfer Service

public interface IAccountTransferService
{
    Task<TransferResult> TransferFundsAsync(
        Account fromAccount,
        Account toAccount,
        decimal amount);
}

public class AccountTransferService : IAccountTransferService
{
    private readonly IAccountRepository _accountRepository;
    private readonly IUnitOfWork _unitOfWork;

    public AccountTransferService(
        IAccountRepository accountRepository,
        IUnitOfWork unitOfWork)
    {
        _accountRepository = accountRepository;
        _unitOfWork = unitOfWork;
    }

    public async Task<TransferResult> TransferFundsAsync(
        Account fromAccount,
        Account toAccount,
        decimal amount)
    {
        // Validate
        if (fromAccount.Balance < amount)
            return TransferResult.InsufficientFunds;

        if (amount <= 0)
            return TransferResult.InvalidAmount;

        if (fromAccount.IsFrozen || toAccount.IsFrozen)
            return TransferResult.AccountFrozen;

        // Execute transfer
        fromAccount.Debit(amount);
        toAccount.Credit(amount);

        // Persist
        _accountRepository.Update(fromAccount);
        _accountRepository.Update(toAccount);
        await _unitOfWork.SaveChangesAsync();

        return TransferResult.Success;
    }
}

public enum TransferResult
{
    Success,
    InsufficientFunds,
    InvalidAmount,
    AccountFrozen
}

Validation Services

Validation Service

public interface IOrderValidationService
{
    ValidationResult ValidateOrder(Order order, Customer customer);
}

public class OrderValidationService : IOrderValidationService
{
    public ValidationResult ValidateOrder(Order order, Customer customer)
    {
        var result = new ValidationResult();

        // Validate customer credit
        if (customer.CreditLimit < customer.CurrentCredit + order.Total)
        {
            result.AddError("Customer credit limit exceeded");
        }

        // Validate order items
        if (!order.Items.Any())
        {
            result.AddError("Order must contain at least one item");
        }

        // Validate minimum order amount
        if (order.Total < 10)
        {
            result.AddError("Order total must be at least $10");
        }

        // Validate delivery address
        if (order.ShippingAddress == null)
        {
            result.AddError("Shipping address is required");
        }
        else if (!IsDeliverableAddress(order.ShippingAddress))
        {
            result.AddError("Cannot deliver to specified address");
        }

        return result;
    }

    private bool IsDeliverableAddress(Address address)
    {
        // Check if address is in serviceable area
        return true; // Simplified
    }
}

public class ValidationResult
{
    private readonly List<string> _errors = new();

    public bool IsValid => !_errors.Any();
    public IReadOnlyList<string> Errors => _errors.AsReadOnly();

    public void AddError(string error)
    {
        _errors.Add(error);
    }
}

Calculation Services

Calculation Service

public interface IShippingCalculatorService
{
    decimal CalculateShippingCost(
        Order order, 
        Address origin, 
        Address destination);
    DateTime EstimateDeliveryDate(
        Address origin, 
        Address destination, 
        ShippingMethod method);
}

public class ShippingCalculatorService : IShippingCalculatorService
{
    public decimal CalculateShippingCost(
        Order order,
        Address origin,
        Address destination)
    {
        var distance = CalculateDistance(origin, destination);
        var weight = order.Items.Sum(x => x.Weight * x.Quantity);
        
        var baseCost = distance * 0.1m;
        var weightCost = weight * 0.5m;
        
        var total = baseCost + weightCost;
        
        // Apply discounts
        if (order.Total >= 100)
            total *= 0.5m; // 50% off shipping
        else if (order.Total >= 50)
            total *= 0.75m; // 25% off shipping
        
        return Math.Max(total, 5.0m); // Minimum $5 shipping
    }

    public DateTime EstimateDeliveryDate(
        Address origin,
        Address destination,
        ShippingMethod method)
    {
        var distance = CalculateDistance(origin, destination);
        var baseDate = DateTime.Today;
        
        return method switch
        {
            ShippingMethod.Express => baseDate.AddDays(1),
            ShippingMethod.Standard => baseDate.AddDays(
                distance < 100 ? 3 : distance < 500 ? 5 : 7),
            ShippingMethod.Economy => baseDate.AddDays(
                distance < 100 ? 5 : distance < 500 ? 10 : 14),
            _ => throw new ArgumentException("Unknown shipping method")
        };
    }

    private double CalculateDistance(Address origin, Address destination)
    {
        // Implement distance calculation (e.g., using geocoding)
        return 100.0; // Simplified
    }
}

Policy Services

Policy Service

public interface IRefundPolicyService
{
    bool IsRefundable(Order order);
    decimal CalculateRefundAmount(Order order, DateTime refundDate);
    RefundMethod DetermineRefundMethod(Order order);
}

public class RefundPolicyService : IRefundPolicyService
{
    private const int StandardRefundWindowDays = 30;
    private const int ExtendedRefundWindowDays = 90;
    private const decimal RestockingFeePercentage = 0.15m;

    public bool IsRefundable(Order order)
    {
        if (order.Status == OrderStatus.Cancelled)
            return false;

        var daysSinceOrder = (DateTime.UtcNow - order.OrderDate).Days;
        var refundWindow = order.Customer.IsVIP 
            ? ExtendedRefundWindowDays 
            : StandardRefundWindowDays;

        return daysSinceOrder <= refundWindow;
    }

    public decimal CalculateRefundAmount(Order order, DateTime refundDate)
    {
        if (!IsRefundable(order))
            return 0;

        var daysSinceOrder = (refundDate - order.OrderDate).Days;
        var baseRefund = order.Total;

        // Apply restocking fee after 7 days (unless VIP)
        if (daysSinceOrder > 7 && !order.Customer.IsVIP)
        {
            baseRefund -= baseRefund * RestockingFeePercentage;
        }

        // Deduct shipping cost
        baseRefund -= order.ShippingCost;

        return Math.Max(baseRefund, 0);
    }

    public RefundMethod DetermineRefundMethod(Order order)
    {
        return order.PaymentMethod switch
        {
            PaymentMethod.CreditCard => RefundMethod.OriginalPayment,
            PaymentMethod.DebitCard => RefundMethod.OriginalPayment,
            PaymentMethod.Cash => RefundMethod.StoreCredit,
            PaymentMethod.StoreCredit => RefundMethod.StoreCredit,
            _ => RefundMethod.Check
        };
    }
}

Usage in Entities

Entities can use domain services:

Entity Using Service

public class Order
{
    public void CalculateTotal(IPricingService pricingService)
    {
        Total = pricingService.CalculateOrderTotal(this);
        
        if (pricingService.IsEligibleForFreeShipping(this, ShippingAddress))
        {
            ShippingCost = 0;
        }
    }

    public bool Validate(IOrderValidationService validationService, Customer customer)
    {
        var result = validationService.ValidateOrder(this, customer);
        return result.IsValid;
    }
}

Dependency Injection

Domain services are automatically registered:

DI Registration

services.AddScoped<IPricingService, PricingService>();
services.AddScoped<IAccountTransferService, AccountTransferService>();
services.AddScoped<IOrderValidationService, OrderValidationService>();
services.AddScoped<IShippingCalculatorService, ShippingCalculatorService>();
services.AddScoped<IRefundPolicyService, RefundPolicyService>();

Testing

public class PricingServiceTests
{
    [Fact]
    public void ApplyDiscount_VIPCustomer_Returns10PercentOff()
    {
        // Arrange
        var service = new PricingService();
        var customer = new Customer("John", "[email protected]") 
        { 
            IsVIP = true 
        };
        var amount = 100m;

        // Act
        var result = service.ApplyDiscount(amount, customer);

        // Assert
        Assert.Equal(90m, result);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void IsEligibleForFreeShipping_OrderOver50_ReturnsTrue()
    {
        // Arrange
        var service = new PricingService();
        var order = new Order { Total = 60m };
        var address = new Address("123 Main St", "City", "12345");

        // Act
        var result = service.IsEligibleForFreeShipping(order, address);

        // Assert
        Assert.True(result);
    }
}

Best Practices

Keep Stateless

Domain services should not maintain state between calls. Use entities for stateful operations.

Pure Logic

Focus on business logic, not infrastructure concerns like database access or external APIs.

Minimal Dependencies

Depend only on other domain objects and minimal infrastructure (like UnitOfWork).

Testability

Design for testability with clear inputs and outputs. Avoid hidden dependencies.

Domain Service vs Application Service

Domain Service	Application Service
Contains business logic	Orchestrates use cases
Works with domain objects	Works with DTOs
No infrastructure concerns	Can access infrastructure
Reusable across use cases	Specific to one use case
Lives in Domain layer	Lives in Application layer

Entities - Domain entities
Domain Events - Domain event handling
Application Services - Application layer services
EF Core Repositories - Data access

Entity Framework Core

Domain

Database Providers

Overview

Installation

Key Concepts

When to Use Domain Services

Generation

Common Patterns

Transfer Operations

Validation Services

Calculation Services

Policy Services

Usage in Entities

Dependency Injection

Testing

Best Practices

Keep Stateless

Pure Logic

Minimal Dependencies

Testability

Domain Service vs Application Service

Additional Resources

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Entity Framework Core

Domain

Database Providers

​Overview

​Installation

​Key Concepts

​When to Use Domain Services

​Generation

​Common Patterns

​Transfer Operations

​Validation Services

​Calculation Services

​Policy Services

​Usage in Entities

​Dependency Injection

​Testing

​Best Practices

Keep Stateless

Pure Logic

Minimal Dependencies

Testability

​Domain Service vs Application Service

​Related Modules

​Additional Resources

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Overview

Installation

Key Concepts

When to Use Domain Services

Generation

Common Patterns

Transfer Operations

Validation Services

Calculation Services

Policy Services

Usage in Entities

Dependency Injection

Testing

Best Practices

Domain Service vs Application Service

Related Modules

Additional Resources