Database

Overview

Laravel Breeze API includes database migrations for authentication, sessions, and background jobs. All migrations follow Laravel’s migration conventions.

Running Migrations

Fresh Migration

php artisan migrate

Reset and Migrate

php artisan migrate:fresh

Rollback

php artisan migrate:rollback

Core Migrations

Users Table

File: database/migrations/0001_01_01_000000_create_users_table.php Creates the users table, password reset tokens table, and sessions table.

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    /**
     * Run the migrations.
     */
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('users', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->string('name');
            $table->string('email')->unique();
            $table->timestamp('email_verified_at')->nullable();
            $table->string('password');
            $table->rememberToken();
            $table->timestamps();
        });

        Schema::create('password_reset_tokens', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->string('email')->primary();
            $table->string('token');
            $table->timestamp('created_at')->nullable();
        });

        Schema::create('sessions', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->string('id')->primary();
            $table->foreignId('user_id')->nullable()->index();
            $table->string('ip_address', 45)->nullable();
            $table->text('user_agent')->nullable();
            $table->longText('payload');
            $table->integer('last_activity')->index();
        });
    }

    /**
     * Reverse the migrations.
     */
    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('users');
        Schema::dropIfExists('password_reset_tokens');
        Schema::dropIfExists('sessions');
    }
};

Tables Created:

users

Column	Type	Attributes
id	BIGINT UNSIGNED	Primary key
name	VARCHAR(255)	Required
email	VARCHAR(255)	Unique
email_verified_at	TIMESTAMP	Nullable
password	VARCHAR(255)	Hashed
remember_token	VARCHAR(100)	Nullable
created_at	TIMESTAMP	Auto
updated_at	TIMESTAMP	Auto

password_reset_tokens

Column	Type	Attributes
email	VARCHAR(255)	Primary key
token	VARCHAR(255)	Required
created_at	TIMESTAMP	Nullable

sessions

Column	Type	Attributes
id	VARCHAR(255)	Primary key
user_id	BIGINT UNSIGNED	Foreign key, nullable, indexed
ip_address	VARCHAR(45)	Nullable
user_agent	TEXT	Nullable
payload	LONGTEXT	Required
last_activity	INTEGER	Indexed

Cache Table

File: database/migrations/0001_01_01_000001_create_cache_table.php

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('cache', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->string('key')->primary();
            $table->mediumText('value');
            $table->integer('expiration')->index();
        });

        Schema::create('cache_locks', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->string('key')->primary();
            $table->string('owner');
            $table->integer('expiration')->index();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('cache');
        Schema::dropIfExists('cache_locks');
    }
};

Tables Created:

cache

Column	Type	Attributes
key	VARCHAR(255)	Primary key
value	MEDIUMTEXT	Required
expiration	INTEGER	Indexed

cache_locks

Column	Type	Attributes
key	VARCHAR(255)	Primary key
owner	VARCHAR(255)	Required
expiration	INTEGER	Indexed

Jobs Tables

File: database/migrations/0001_01_01_000002_create_jobs_table.php

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('jobs', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->string('queue')->index();
            $table->longText('payload');
            $table->unsignedTinyInteger('attempts');
            $table->unsignedInteger('reserved_at')->nullable();
            $table->unsignedInteger('available_at');
            $table->unsignedInteger('created_at');
        });

        Schema::create('job_batches', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->string('id')->primary();
            $table->string('name');
            $table->integer('total_jobs');
            $table->integer('pending_jobs');
            $table->integer('failed_jobs');
            $table->longText('failed_job_ids');
            $table->mediumText('options')->nullable();
            $table->integer('cancelled_at')->nullable();
            $table->integer('created_at');
            $table->integer('finished_at')->nullable();
        });

        Schema::create('failed_jobs', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->string('uuid')->unique();
            $table->text('connection');
            $table->text('queue');
            $table->longText('payload');
            $table->longText('exception');
            $table->timestamp('failed_at')->useCurrent();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('jobs');
        Schema::dropIfExists('job_batches');
        Schema::dropIfExists('failed_jobs');
    }
};

Tables Created:

jobs

Column	Type	Attributes
id	BIGINT UNSIGNED	Primary key
queue	VARCHAR(255)	Indexed
payload	LONGTEXT	Required
attempts	TINYINT UNSIGNED	Required
reserved_at	INTEGER UNSIGNED	Nullable
available_at	INTEGER UNSIGNED	Required
created_at	INTEGER UNSIGNED	Required

job_batches

Column	Type	Attributes
id	VARCHAR(255)	Primary key
name	VARCHAR(255)	Required
total_jobs	INTEGER	Required
pending_jobs	INTEGER	Required
failed_jobs	INTEGER	Required
failed_job_ids	LONGTEXT	Required
options	MEDIUMTEXT	Nullable
cancelled_at	INTEGER	Nullable
created_at	INTEGER	Required
finished_at	INTEGER	Nullable

failed_jobs

Column	Type	Attributes
id	BIGINT UNSIGNED	Primary key
uuid	VARCHAR(255)	Unique
connection	TEXT	Required
queue	TEXT	Required
payload	LONGTEXT	Required
exception	LONGTEXT	Required
failed_at	TIMESTAMP	Default: now

Personal Access Tokens Table

File: database/migrations/2026_02_06_051602_create_personal_access_tokens_table.php For Laravel Sanctum token authentication.

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('personal_access_tokens', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->morphs('tokenable');
            $table->text('name');
            $table->string('token', 64)->unique();
            $table->text('abilities')->nullable();
            $table->timestamp('last_used_at')->nullable();
            $table->timestamp('expires_at')->nullable()->index();
            $table->timestamps();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('personal_access_tokens');
    }
};

Table Schema:

Column	Type	Attributes
id	BIGINT UNSIGNED	Primary key
tokenable_type	VARCHAR(255)	Polymorphic
tokenable_id	BIGINT UNSIGNED	Polymorphic
name	TEXT	Required
token	VARCHAR(64)	Unique
abilities	TEXT	Nullable
last_used_at	TIMESTAMP	Nullable
expires_at	TIMESTAMP	Nullable, indexed
created_at	TIMESTAMP	Auto
updated_at	TIMESTAMP	Auto

Models

User Model

File: app/Models/User.php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as Authenticatable;
use Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable;

class User extends Authenticatable
{
    use HasFactory, Notifiable;

    /**
     * The attributes that are mass assignable.
     *
     * @var list<string>
     */
    protected $fillable = [
        'name',
        'email',
        'password',
    ];

    /**
     * The attributes that should be hidden for serialization.
     *
     * @var list<string>
     */
    protected $hidden = [
        'password',
        'remember_token',
    ];

    /**
     * Get the attributes that should be cast.
     *
     * @return array<string, string>
     */
    protected function casts(): array
    {
        return [
            'email_verified_at' => 'datetime',
            'password' => 'hashed',
        ];
    }
}

Model Features:

Traits:
- HasFactory - Enables model factories
- Notifiable - Enables notifications (email verification, password reset)
Mass Assignment:
- name, email, password can be mass assigned
Hidden Attributes:
- password and remember_token are hidden from JSON serialization
Attribute Casting:
- email_verified_at cast to datetime
- password automatically hashed

Factories

UserFactory

File: database/factories/UserFactory.php

namespace Database\Factories;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\Factory;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;

class UserFactory extends Factory
{
    /**
     * The current password being used by the factory.
     */
    protected static ?string $password;

    /**
     * Define the model's default state.
     *
     * @return array<string, mixed>
     */
    public function definition(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => fake()->name(),
            'email' => fake()->unique()->safeEmail(),
            'email_verified_at' => now(),
            'password' => static::$password ??= Hash::make('password'),
            'remember_token' => Str::random(10),
        ];
    }

    /**
     * Indicate that the model's email address should be unverified.
     */
    public function unverified(): static
    {
        return $this->state(fn (array $attributes) => [
            'email_verified_at' => null,
        ]);
    }
}

Usage:

// Create verified user
$user = User::factory()->create();

// Create unverified user
$user = User::factory()->unverified()->create();

// Create multiple users
$users = User::factory()->count(10)->create();

Seeders

DatabaseSeeder

File: database/seeders/DatabaseSeeder.php

namespace Database\Seeders;

use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Database\Console\Seeds\WithoutModelEvents;
use Illuminate\Database\Seeder;

class DatabaseSeeder extends Seeder
{
    use WithoutModelEvents;

    /**
     * Seed the application's database.
     */
    public function run(): void
    {
        // User::factory(10)->create();

        User::factory()->create([
            'name' => 'Test User',
            'email' => '[email protected]',
        ]);
    }
}

Running Seeders:

# Run all seeders
php artisan db:seed

# Run specific seeder
php artisan db:seed --class=DatabaseSeeder

# Fresh migrate with seed
php artisan migrate:fresh --seed

Database Configuration

Multiple Database Support

Laravel supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, and SQL Server. MySQL (Default):

.env

DB_CONNECTION=mysql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=backend
DB_USERNAME=root
DB_PASSWORD=

PostgreSQL:

.env

DB_CONNECTION=pgsql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=5432
DB_DATABASE=backend
DB_USERNAME=postgres
DB_PASSWORD=

SQLite:

.env

DB_CONNECTION=sqlite
DB_DATABASE=/absolute/path/to/database.sqlite

Creating Custom Migrations

Generate Migration

php artisan make:migration create_posts_table

Migration Structure

use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
            $table->string('title');
            $table->text('content');
            $table->timestamps();
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('posts');
    }
};

Get Started

Core Concepts

Backend Guide

Frontend Guide

Deployment

Overview

Running Migrations

Fresh Migration

Reset and Migrate

Rollback

Core Migrations

Users Table

users

password_reset_tokens

sessions

Cache Table

cache

cache_locks

Jobs Tables

jobs

job_batches

failed_jobs

Personal Access Tokens Table

Models

User Model

Factories

UserFactory

Seeders

DatabaseSeeder

Database Configuration

Multiple Database Support

Creating Custom Migrations

Generate Migration

Migration Structure

Next Steps

Controllers

Testing

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Get Started

Core Concepts

Backend Guide

Frontend Guide

Deployment

​Overview

​Running Migrations

​Fresh Migration

​Reset and Migrate

​Rollback

​Core Migrations

​Users Table

​users

​password_reset_tokens

​sessions

​Cache Table

​cache

​cache_locks

​Jobs Tables

​jobs

​job_batches

​failed_jobs

​Personal Access Tokens Table

​Models

​User Model

​Factories

​UserFactory

​Seeders

​DatabaseSeeder

​Database Configuration

​Multiple Database Support

​Creating Custom Migrations

​Generate Migration

​Migration Structure

​Next Steps

Controllers

Testing

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Overview

Running Migrations

Fresh Migration

Reset and Migrate

Rollback

Core Migrations

Users Table

users

password_reset_tokens

sessions

Cache Table

cache

cache_locks

Jobs Tables

jobs

job_batches

failed_jobs

Personal Access Tokens Table

Models

User Model

Factories

UserFactory

Seeders

DatabaseSeeder

Database Configuration

Multiple Database Support

Creating Custom Migrations

Generate Migration

Migration Structure

Next Steps