Zod v4 Changelog

This migration guide lists the breaking changes in Zod 4 in order of highest to lowest impact. To learn more about the performance enhancements and new features of Zod 4, read the introductory post.

Installation

To upgrade to Zod 4:

npm install zod@^4.0.0

Many of Zod’s behaviors and APIs have been made more intuitive and cohesive. The breaking changes described in this document often represent major quality-of-life improvements for Zod users. I strongly recommend reading this guide thoroughly.

Note — Zod 3 exported a number of undocumented quasi-internal utility types and functions that are not considered part of the public API. Changes to those are not documented here.

Unofficial codemod — A community-maintained codemod zod-v3-to-v4 is available.

Breaking Changes

Error Customization

Zod 4 standardizes the APIs for error customization under a single, unified error param. Previously Zod’s error customization APIs were fragmented and inconsistent.

Deprecates `message` parameter

Replaces message param with error. The old message parameter is still supported but deprecated.

Zod 4
Zod 3

z.string().min(5, { error: "Too short." });

z.string().min(5, { message: "Too short." });

Drops `invalid_type_error` and `required_error`

The invalid_type_error / required_error params have been dropped. These can now be cleanly represented with the new error parameter.

Zod 4
Zod 3

z.string({ 
  error: (issue) => issue.input === undefined 
    ? "This field is required" 
    : "Not a string" 
});

z.string({ 
  required_error: "This field is required",
  invalid_type_error: "Not a string", 
});

Drops `errorMap`

This is renamed to error. Error maps can also now return a plain string (instead of {message: string}). They can also return undefined, which tells Zod to yield control to the next error map in the chain.

Zod 4
Zod 3

z.string().min(5, {
  error: (issue) => {
    if (issue.code === "too_small") {
      return `Value must be >${issue.minimum}`
    }
  },
});

z.string({
  errorMap: (issue, ctx) => {
    if (issue.code === "too_small") {
      return { message: `Value must be >${issue.minimum}` };
    }
    return { message: ctx.defaultError };
  },
});

ZodError Changes

Updates issue formats

The issue formats have been dramatically streamlined.

import * as z from "zod"; // v4

type IssueFormats = 
  | z.core.$ZodIssueInvalidType
  | z.core.$ZodIssueTooBig
  | z.core.$ZodIssueTooSmall
  | z.core.$ZodIssueInvalidStringFormat
  | z.core.$ZodIssueNotMultipleOf
  | z.core.$ZodIssueUnrecognizedKeys
  | z.core.$ZodIssueInvalidValue
  | z.core.$ZodIssueInvalidUnion
  | z.core.$ZodIssueInvalidKey // new: used for z.record/z.map 
  | z.core.$ZodIssueInvalidElement // new: used for z.map/z.set
  | z.core.$ZodIssueCustom;

Changes error map precedence

The error map precedence has been changed to be more consistent. An error map passed into .parse() no longer takes precedence over a schema-level error map.

const mySchema = z.string({ error: () => "Schema-level error" });

// in Zod 3
mySchema.parse(12, { error: () => "Contextual error" }); // => "Contextual error"

// in Zod 4
mySchema.parse(12, { error: () => "Contextual error" }); // => "Schema-level error"

Deprecates `.format()` and `.flatten()`

The .format() and .flatten() methods on ZodError have been deprecated. Instead use the top-level z.treeifyError() function.

Deprecates `.addIssue()` and `.addIssues()`

Directly push to err.issues array instead:

myError.issues.push({ 
  // new issue
});

Number Validations

No infinite values

POSITIVE_INFINITY and NEGATIVE_INFINITY are no longer considered valid values for z.number().

`.safe()` no longer accepts floats

In Zod 4, z.number().safe() is deprecated. It now behaves identically to .int(), meaning it no longer accepts floats.

`.int()` accepts safe integers only

The z.number().int() API no longer accepts unsafe integers (outside the range of Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER and Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER).

String Validations

Deprecates `.email()` etc

String formats are now represented as subclasses of ZodString. These APIs have been moved to the top-level z namespace.

Zod 4
Zod 3

z.email();
z.uuid();
z.url();
z.emoji();
z.base64();
z.base64url();
z.nanoid();
z.cuid();
z.cuid2();
z.ulid();
z.ipv4();
z.ipv6();
z.cidrv4();
z.cidrv6();
z.iso.date();
z.iso.time();
z.iso.datetime();
z.iso.duration();

z.string().email();
z.string().uuid();
z.string().url();
z.string().emoji();
// etc.

Stricter `.uuid()`

The z.uuid() now validates UUIDs more strictly against the RFC 9562/4122 specification. For a more permissive validator, use z.guid().

z.uuid(); // RFC 9562/4122 compliant UUID
z.guid(); // any 8-4-4-4-12 hex pattern

Drops `z.string().ip()` and `z.string().cidr()`

Zod 4
Zod 3

z.ipv4(); // IPv4 addresses
z.ipv6(); // IPv6 addresses
z.cidrv4(); // IPv4 CIDR ranges
z.cidrv6(); // IPv6 CIDR ranges

z.string().ip();
z.string().cidr();

Coercion Changes

The input type of all z.coerce schemas is now unknown.

const schema = z.coerce.string();
type schemaInput = z.input<typeof schema>;

// Zod 3: string;
// Zod 4: unknown;

Default Values

`.default()` updates

The application of .default() has changed. If the input is undefined, ZodDefault short-circuits and returns the default value. The default value must be assignable to the output type.

Zod 4
Zod 3

const schema = z.string()
  .transform(val => val.length)
  .default(0); // must be a number
  
schema.parse(undefined); // => 0

const schema = z.string()
  .transform(val => val.length)
  .default("tuna"); // must be a string
  
schema.parse(undefined); // => 4

New `.prefault()` API

To replicate the old behavior, use the new .prefault() API (“pre-parse default”):

const schema = z.string()
  .transform(val => val.length)
  .prefault("tuna");
  
schema.parse(undefined); // => 4

Object Schema Changes

Defaults applied within optional fields

Defaults inside properties are applied, even within optional fields. This may cause breakage in code paths that rely on key existence.

const schema = z.object({
  a: z.string().default("tuna").optional(),
});

schema.parse({});
// Zod 4: { a: "tuna" }
// Zod 3: {}

Deprecates `.strict()` and `.passthrough()`

Use the top-level z.strictObject() and z.looseObject() functions instead:

Zod 4
Zod 3

z.strictObject({ name: z.string() });
z.looseObject({ name: z.string() });

z.object({ name: z.string() }).strict();
z.object({ name: z.string() }).passthrough();

Deprecates `.merge()`

The .merge() method has been deprecated in favor of .extend():

// Deprecated
const ExtendedSchema = BaseSchema.merge(AdditionalSchema);

// Recommended
const ExtendedSchema = BaseSchema.extend(AdditionalSchema.shape);

// Best performance
const ExtendedSchema = z.object({
  ...BaseSchema.shape,
  ...AdditionalSchema.shape,
});

Drops `.deepPartial()`

This long-deprecated method has been removed with no direct replacement.

Changes `z.unknown()` optionality

const mySchema = z.object({
  a: z.any(),
  b: z.unknown()
});
// Zod 3: { a?: any; b?: unknown };
// Zod 4: { a: any; b: unknown };

Enum Changes

`z.nativeEnum()` deprecated

The z.nativeEnum() function is now deprecated. Use z.enum() instead, which now supports enum-like inputs:

enum Color {
  Red = "red",
  Green = "green",
  Blue = "blue",
}

const ColorSchema = z.enum(Color); // ✅

Removes redundant enum APIs

ColorSchema.enum.Red; // ✅ => "Red" (canonical API)
ColorSchema.Enum.Red; // ❌ removed
ColorSchema.Values.Red; // ❌ removed

Array Changes

Changes `.nonempty()` type

const NonEmpty = z.array(z.string()).nonempty();

type NonEmpty = z.infer<typeof NonEmpty>; 
// Zod 3: [string, ...string[]]
// Zod 4: string[]

For the old behavior, use z.tuple() with a rest argument:

z.tuple([z.string()], z.string());
// => [string, ...string[]]

Function Schema Changes

API restructure

The result of z.function() is no longer a Zod schema. It acts as a standalone “function factory” for defining Zod-validated functions.

Zod 4
Zod 3

const myFunction = z.function({
  input: [z.object({
    name: z.string(),
    age: z.number().int(),
  })],
  output: z.string(),
});

myFunction.implement((input) => {
  return `Hello ${input.name}, you are ${input.age} years old.`;
});

const myFunction = z.function()
  .args(z.object({
    name: z.string(),
    age: z.number().int(),
  }))
  .returns(z.string());

myFunction.implement((input) => {
  return `Hello ${input.name}, you are ${input.age} years old.`;
});

Adds `.implementAsync()`

For async functions, use the new implementAsync() method:

myFunction.implementAsync(async (input) => {
  return `Hello ${input.name}, you are ${input.age} years old.`;
});

Refinement Changes

Ignores type predicates

Passing a type predicate as a refinement function no longer narrows the type.

const mySchema = z.unknown().refine((val): val is string => {
  return typeof val === "string"
});

type MySchema = z.infer<typeof mySchema>; 
// Zod 3: `string`
// Zod 4: still `unknown`

Drops `ctx.path`

The ctx.path property is no longer available in refinement functions:

z.string().superRefine((val, ctx) => {
  ctx.path; // ❌ no longer available
});

Drops function as second argument

The following overload has been removed:

// ❌ No longer supported
const longString = z.string().refine(
  (val) => val.length > 10,
  (val) => ({ message: `${val} is not more than 10 characters` })
);

Record Changes

Drops single argument usage

Zod 4
Zod 3

z.record(z.string(), z.string()); // ✅

z.record(z.string()); // Single argument allowed

Improves enum support

Records with enum keys now ensure exhaustiveness:

const myRecord = z.record(z.enum(["a", "b", "c"]), z.number());
// Zod 4: { a: number; b: number; c: number; }
// Zod 3: { a?: number; b?: number; c?: number; }

For optional keys, use z.partialRecord():

const myRecord = z.partialRecord(z.enum(["a", "b", "c"]), z.number());
// { a?: number; b?: number; c?: number; }

Other Breaking Changes

`z.promise()` deprecated

If you have an input that may be a Promise, just await it before parsing with Zod.

`z.literal()` drops `symbol` support

Symbols are no longer considered literal values.

Static `.create()` factories dropped

Previously all Zod classes defined a static .create() method. These are now implemented as standalone factory functions.

z.ZodString.create(); // ❌ 
z.string(); // ✅

`z.intersection()` throws `Error` on merge conflict

When intersection results are unmergable, Zod now throws a regular Error instead of ZodError.

Drops convenience methods

The undocumented convenience methods z.ostring(), z.onumber(), etc. have been removed.

Internal Changes

Updates generics

The generic structure of ZodType has changed:

// Zod 3
class ZodType<Output, Def extends z.ZodTypeDef, Input = Output> {
  // ...
}

// Zod 4
class ZodType<Output = unknown, Input = unknown> {
  // ...
}

Adds `z.core`

Many utility functions and types have been moved to the new zod/v4/core sub-package:

import * as z from "zod";

function handleError(iss: z.core.$ZodError) {
  // do stuff
}

Moves `._def`

The ._def property is now moved to ._zod.def.

Drops `ZodEffects`

Refinements now live inside schemas themselves as “checks”. Transforms have been moved to a dedicated ZodTransform class.

Drops `ZodPreprocess`

The z.preprocess() function now returns a ZodPipe instance:

z.preprocess(val => val, z.string()); // ZodPipe<ZodTransform, ZodString>

Drops `ZodBranded`

Branding is now handled with a direct modification to the inferred type, instead of a dedicated class.

Migration Steps

Update dependencies: Install zod@^4.0.0
Run the codemod: Consider using zod-v3-to-v4 for automated migration
Update error handling: Replace message, invalid_type_error, required_error, and errorMap with the unified error parameter
Update string validations: Replace method calls like .email() with top-level functions like z.email()
Update object schemas: Replace .merge() with .extend(), and .strict()/.passthrough() with z.strictObject()/z.looseObject()
Update function schemas: Restructure to use the new input/output API
Test thoroughly: Run your test suite to catch any edge cases

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Guides

Advanced

Migration

​Installation

​Breaking Changes

​Deprecates message parameter

​Drops invalid_type_error and required_error

​Drops errorMap

​Updates issue formats

​Changes error map precedence

​Deprecates .format() and .flatten()

​Deprecates .addIssue() and .addIssues()

​No infinite values

​.safe() no longer accepts floats

​.int() accepts safe integers only

​Deprecates .email() etc

​Stricter .uuid()

​Drops z.string().ip() and z.string().cidr()

​.default() updates

​New .prefault() API

​Defaults applied within optional fields

​Deprecates .strict() and .passthrough()

​Deprecates .merge()

​Drops .deepPartial()

​Changes z.unknown() optionality

​z.nativeEnum() deprecated

​Removes redundant enum APIs

​Changes .nonempty() type

​API restructure

​Adds .implementAsync()

​Ignores type predicates

​Drops ctx.path

​Drops function as second argument

​Drops single argument usage

​Improves enum support

​z.promise() deprecated

​z.literal() drops symbol support

​Static .create() factories dropped

​z.intersection() throws Error on merge conflict

​Drops convenience methods

​Internal Changes

​Updates generics

​Adds z.core

​Moves ._def

​Drops ZodEffects

​Drops ZodPreprocess

​Drops ZodBranded

​Migration Steps

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Installation

Breaking Changes

Deprecates `message` parameter

Drops `invalid_type_error` and `required_error`

Drops `errorMap`

Updates issue formats

Changes error map precedence

Deprecates `.format()` and `.flatten()`

Deprecates `.addIssue()` and `.addIssues()`

No infinite values

`.safe()` no longer accepts floats

`.int()` accepts safe integers only

Deprecates `.email()` etc

Stricter `.uuid()`

Drops `z.string().ip()` and `z.string().cidr()`

`.default()` updates

New `.prefault()` API

Defaults applied within optional fields

Deprecates `.strict()` and `.passthrough()`

Deprecates `.merge()`

Drops `.deepPartial()`

Changes `z.unknown()` optionality

`z.nativeEnum()` deprecated

Removes redundant enum APIs

Changes `.nonempty()` type

API restructure

Adds `.implementAsync()`

Ignores type predicates

Drops `ctx.path`

Drops function as second argument

Drops single argument usage

Improves enum support

`z.promise()` deprecated

`z.literal()` drops `symbol` support

Static `.create()` factories dropped

`z.intersection()` throws `Error` on merge conflict

Drops convenience methods

Internal Changes

Updates generics

Adds `z.core`

Moves `._def`

Drops `ZodEffects`

Drops `ZodPreprocess`

Drops `ZodBranded`

Migration Steps