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Overview

gws doesn’t ship a static list of commands. Instead, it reads Google’s own Discovery Service at runtime and builds its entire command surface dynamically. When Google Workspace adds an API endpoint or method, gws picks it up automatically — no code changes or releases required.
This approach means zero static command definitions exist in the codebase. Every command you see in --help is generated from a Discovery Document fetched at runtime.

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Two-Phase Parsing Strategy

The CLI uses a two-phase argument parsing strategy to support dynamic command generation while maintaining a responsive user experience:

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Phase 1: Service Identification

  1. Parse argv[1] to identify the service (e.g., drive, gmail, sheets)
  2. Resolve the service alias to its Discovery API name and version
  3. Fetch the service’s Discovery Document from Google’s API
// From src/main.rs:114-128
let (api_name, version) = parse_service_and_version(&args, first_arg)?;

let doc = if api_name == "workflow" {
    discovery::RestDescription {
        name: "workflow".to_string(),
        description: Some("Cross-service productivity workflows".to_string()),
        ..Default::default()
    }
} else {
    // Fetch the Discovery Document
    discovery::fetch_discovery_document(&api_name, &version)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| GwsError::Discovery(format!("{e:#}")))?
};

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Phase 2: Command Tree Construction

  1. Build a dynamic clap::Command tree from the document’s resources and methods
  2. Re-parse the remaining arguments against this generated command tree
  3. Authenticate, build the HTTP request, execute
// From src/main.rs:131-147
let cli = commands::build_cli(&doc);

let sub_args = filter_args_for_subcommand(&args);

let matches = cli.try_get_matches_from(&sub_args).map_err(|e| {
    if e.kind() == clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayHelp
        || e.kind() == clap::error::ErrorKind::DisplayVersion
    {
        print!("{e}");
        std::process::exit(0);
    }
    GwsError::Validation(e.to_string())
})?;

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Discovery Document Structure

Google API Discovery Documents are JSON schemas that define:
  • Resources: Logical groupings of API methods (e.g., files, permissions)
  • Methods: Individual API operations with their HTTP method, path, parameters, and schemas
  • Schemas: JSON Schema definitions for request/response bodies
  • Authentication: Required OAuth scopes

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Example: Drive Files Resource

{
  "name": "drive",
  "version": "v3",
  "rootUrl": "https://www.googleapis.com/",
  "servicePath": "drive/v3/",
  "resources": {
    "files": {
      "methods": {
        "list": {
          "httpMethod": "GET",
          "path": "files",
          "parameters": {
            "pageSize": {
              "type": "integer",
              "location": "query"
            }
          },
          "response": { "$ref": "FileList" }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
This generates the CLI command: 
gws drive files list --params '{"pageSize": 10}'

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Fetching and Caching

Discovery Documents are fetched over HTTPS and cached locally with a 24-hour TTL to minimize network latency: 
// From src/discovery.rs:186-240
pub async fn fetch_discovery_document(
    service: &str,
    version: &str,
) -> anyhow::Result<RestDescription> {
    let cache_dir = dirs::config_dir()
        .unwrap_or_else(|| std::path::PathBuf::from("."))
        .join("gws")
        .join("cache");
    std::fs::create_dir_all(&cache_dir)?;

    let cache_file = cache_dir.join(format!("{service}_{version}.json"));

    // Check cache (24hr TTL)
    if cache_file.exists() {
        if let Ok(metadata) = std::fs::metadata(&cache_file) {
            if let Ok(modified) = metadata.modified() {
                if modified.elapsed().unwrap_or_default() < std::time::Duration::from_secs(86400) {
                    let data = std::fs::read_to_string(&cache_file)?;
                    let doc: RestDescription = serde_json::from_str(&data)?;
                    return Ok(doc);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    let url = format!("https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/{service}/{version}/rest");

    let client = crate::client::build_client()?;
    let resp = client.get(&url).send().await?;

    let body = if resp.status().is_success() {
        resp.text().await?
    } else {
        // Try the $discovery/rest URL pattern used by newer APIs (Forms, Keep, Meet, etc.)
        let alt_url = format!("https://{service}.googleapis.com/$discovery/rest?version={version}");
        let alt_resp = client.get(&alt_url).send().await?;
        if !alt_resp.status().is_success() {
            anyhow::bail!(
                "Failed to fetch Discovery Document for {service}/{version}: HTTP {} (tried both standard and $discovery URLs)",
                alt_resp.status()
            );
        }
        alt_resp.text().await?
    };

    // Write to cache
    if let Err(e) = std::fs::write(&cache_file, &body) {
        let _ = e; // Non-fatal
    }

    let doc: RestDescription = serde_json::from_str(&body)?;
    Ok(doc)
}

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Cache Location

Discovery Documents are cached at:
  • Linux/macOS: ~/.config/gws/cache/
  • Windows: %APPDATA%\gws\cache\
Each file is named <service>_<version>.json (e.g., drive_v3.json).

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URL Fallback Strategy

Newer Google APIs (Forms, Keep, Meet) use a different Discovery URL pattern. The fetcher tries both:
  1. Standard: https://www.googleapis.com/discovery/v1/apis/{service}/{version}/rest
  2. Alternate: https://{service}.googleapis.com/$discovery/rest?version={version}

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Service Registry

The CLI maintains a curated list of known services with human-friendly aliases in src/services.rs: 
// From src/services.rs:26-177
pub const SERVICES: &[ServiceEntry] = &[
    ServiceEntry {
        aliases: &["drive"],
        api_name: "drive",
        version: "v3",
        description: "Manage files, folders, and shared drives",
    },
    ServiceEntry {
        aliases: &["gmail"],
        api_name: "gmail",
        version: "v1",
        description: "Send, read, and manage email",
    },
    ServiceEntry {
        aliases: &["sheets"],
        api_name: "sheets",
        version: "v4",
        description: "Read and write spreadsheets",
    },
    // ... 20+ more services
];
You can use any Google API by specifying <api>:<version> syntax:
gws pubsub:v1 projects topics list --params '{"project": "projects/my-project"}'

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Why This Approach?

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Advantages

  1. Zero Maintenance for New Endpoints: Google adds new methods, parameters, or APIs → gws picks them up automatically after cache expires
  2. Always Up-to-Date: The CLI is never out of sync with the actual API
  3. Consistency: All services use the same command structure, validation, and error handling
  4. Smaller Binary: No code generation bloat from 25+ API client libraries

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Trade-offs

  1. Network Dependency: First run per service requires internet (but only once per 24h)
  2. Startup Latency: ~100-300ms to fetch and parse Discovery Document on cold cache
  3. No Static Type Safety: Parameters are validated at runtime against JSON schema, not at compile time

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Schema Introspection

You can inspect any method’s schema without executing it: 
# View request/response schemas for a method
gws schema drive.files.list

# Resolve all $ref pointers for deep inspection
gws schema drive.files.create --resolve-refs
Output includes:
  • HTTP method and path template
  • Required and optional parameters
  • Request body schema (if applicable)
  • Response schema
  • OAuth scopes required

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Architecture Diagram

Authentication

How credentials are loaded and tokens are obtained

Output Format

Structured JSON output for all responses