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LeRobot provides native support for Damiao brushless servo motors through the DamiaoMotorsBus class. Damiao motors are high-performance actuators that communicate via CAN bus, offering precise torque control, high bandwidth, and excellent dynamic response.

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Overview

Damiao motors use CAN bus communication with MIT-style impedance control, making them ideal for dynamic robot applications. LeRobot provides a high-level interface for motor control, state reading, and calibration. Key Features:
  • CAN bus communication (CAN FD supported)
  • MIT impedance control (position, velocity, torque)
  • High control bandwidth (>1kHz)
  • Real-time state feedback (position, velocity, torque, temperature)
  • Hardware zero-position setting
  • Batch operations for multi-motor control
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:76

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Supported Models

LeRobot supports various Damiao motor models:
  • DM-J4310 series
  • DM-J6006 series
  • DM-J8009 series
  • And other MIT-mode compatible Damiao motors
Refer to motor tables for complete specifications: /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/tables.py

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Hardware Requirements

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CAN Interface

Linux (recommended):
  • SocketCAN-compatible adapter (e.g., PEAK PCAN-USB, Kvaser)
  • USB-to-CAN adapter with socketcan support
macOS/Windows:
  • SLCAN-compatible adapter (serial-based CAN)
  • USB-to-CAN adapter with SLCAN firmware

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Wiring

CAN Bus Topology:

[CAN Adapter] --- CAN_H (Yellow) --- [Motor 1] --- [Motor 2] --- [Motor N]
              |                   |            |            |
              --- CAN_L (Green) ---+------------+------------+
              |                   |            |            |
              --- GND (Black) ----+------------+------------+

[Power Supply 24V] --- V+ (Red) --- [Motor 1] --- [Motor 2] --- [Motor N]
                    |            |            |            |
                    --- GND ------+------------+------------+
Important:
  • Use 120Ω termination resistors at both ends of the CAN bus
  • Keep CAN_H and CAN_L twisted pairs
  • Maximum cable length: 40m @ 1 Mbps, 500m @ 125 kbps
  • Ensure adequate 24V power supply (motors draw significant current)

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Installation

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Linux Setup (SocketCAN)

# Install python-can
pip install python-can

# Load kernel modules
sudo modprobe can
sudo modprobe can_raw

# Configure CAN interface (1 Mbps bitrate)
sudo ip link set can0 type can bitrate 1000000
sudo ip link set can0 up

# Verify interface is up
ip -details link show can0

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CAN FD Support (for OpenArms and high-speed applications)

# Configure CAN FD with 1 Mbps nominal, 5 Mbps data bitrate
sudo ip link set can0 type can bitrate 1000000 dbitrate 5000000 fd on
sudo ip link set can0 up

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macOS Setup (SLCAN)

# Install python-can
pip install python-can

# Find serial port
ls /dev/cu.usbmodem*
# Example: /dev/cu.usbmodem14201

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Testing CAN Connection

# Send test message
cansend can0 123#DEADBEEF

# Monitor CAN traffic
candump can0

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Configuration

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Motor Configuration

Define your motors with CAN IDs: 
from lerobot.motors.damiao import DamiaoMotorsBus
from lerobot.motors.motors_bus import Motor

# Define motors with send and receive IDs
motors = {
    "joint_1": Motor(
        id=1,              # CAN send ID
        model="DM-J4310",
        motor_type_str="dm-j4310-2ec",
        recv_id=0x101,     # CAN receive ID (0x100 + id)
    ),
    "joint_2": Motor(
        id=2,
        model="DM-J4310",
        motor_type_str="dm-j4310-2ec",
        recv_id=0x102,
    ),
}

# Create motor bus
motor_bus = DamiaoMotorsBus(
    port="can0",              # Linux: can0, macOS: /dev/cu.usbmodem*
    motors=motors,
    can_interface="auto",     # Auto-detect: socketcan or slcan
    use_can_fd=True,          # Enable CAN FD for higher bandwidth
    bitrate=1000000,          # 1 Mbps nominal bitrate
    data_bitrate=5000000,     # 5 Mbps data bitrate (CAN FD only)
)
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:92

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CAN ID Configuration

Damiao motors require proper CAN ID configuration:
  • Send ID (id): The ID used to send commands to the motor (e.g., 1, 2, 3)
  • Receive ID (recv_id): The ID the motor uses to respond (typically 0x100 + id)
Important: Configure motor CAN IDs using Damiao Debugging Tools before using with LeRobot.

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Motor Types

Specify the exact motor model for proper limit calculations: 
# Common motor types
"dm-j4310-2ec"  # DM-J4310 with 2:1 encoder gear ratio
"dm-j4340-2ec"  # DM-J4340
"dm-j6006-2ec"  # DM-J6006
"dm-j8009-2ec"  # DM-J8009
Refer to your motor’s datasheet for the correct motor_type_str.

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Basic Usage

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Connecting to Motors

# Connect with automatic handshake
motor_bus.connect(handshake=True)
print(f"Connected: {motor_bus.is_connected}")

# Configure motors (enables torque)
motor_bus.configure_motors()
The handshake verifies all motors respond correctly. If any motor fails, a ConnectionError is raised with diagnostic information. From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:158

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Reading Motor State

# Read single motor position (degrees)
position = motor_bus.read("Present_Position", "joint_1")
print(f"Joint 1 position: {position:.2f}°")

# Read velocity (degrees/second)
velocity = motor_bus.read("Present_Velocity", "joint_1")
print(f"Joint 1 velocity: {velocity:.2f}°/s")

# Read torque (N⋅m)
torque = motor_bus.read("Present_Torque", "joint_1")
print(f"Joint 1 torque: {torque:.2f} N⋅m")

# Read temperatures (°C)
temp_mos = motor_bus.read("Temperature_MOS", "joint_1")
temp_rotor = motor_bus.read("Temperature_Rotor", "joint_1")
print(f"Joint 1 temps: MOS={temp_mos}°C, Rotor={temp_rotor}°C")
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:585

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Synchronized Reading (High-Speed)

For high-frequency control, use synchronized reads: 
# Read same value from multiple motors
positions = motor_bus.sync_read("Present_Position", ["joint_1", "joint_2"])
print(f"Positions: {positions}")
# Output: {'joint_1': 45.2, 'joint_2': -30.5}

# Read ALL state data in one batch (most efficient)
states = motor_bus.sync_read_all_states(["joint_1", "joint_2"])
for motor, state in states.items():
    print(f"{motor}:")
    print(f"  Position: {state['position']:.2f}°")
    print(f"  Velocity: {state['velocity']:.2f}°/s")
    print(f"  Torque: {state['torque']:.2f} N⋅m")
    print(f"  Temp MOS: {state['temp_mos']:.1f}°C")
    print(f"  Temp Rotor: {state['temp_rotor']:.1f}°C")
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:638

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Writing Motor Commands

# Set position control gains
motor_bus.write("Kp", "joint_1", 10.0)   # Stiffness
motor_bus.write("Kd", "joint_1", 0.5)    # Damping

# Command position (degrees)
motor_bus.write("Goal_Position", "joint_1", 45.0)

# Synchronized write to multiple motors (recommended)
goal_positions = {
    "joint_1": 45.0,
    "joint_2": -30.0,
}
motor_bus.sync_write("Goal_Position", goal_positions)

# Set gains for all motors
gains_kp = {"joint_1": 10.0, "joint_2": 15.0}
motor_bus.sync_write("Kp", gains_kp)
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:617

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Torque Control

# Enable torque
motor_bus.enable_torque(["joint_1", "joint_2"])

# Disable torque (motors become back-drivable)
motor_bus.disable_torque(["joint_1", "joint_2"])

# Context manager for temporary torque disable
with motor_bus.torque_disabled(["joint_1"]):
    # Motor is disabled here, can be moved by hand
    input("Move motor to desired position, then press Enter...")
# Torque automatically re-enabled
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:295

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Setting Zero Position

# Move motor to desired zero position manually
print("Move joint_1 to zero position...")
input("Press Enter when ready")

# Set current position as zero
motor_bus.set_zero_position(["joint_1"])
print("Zero position set!")

# Verify
pos = motor_bus.read("Present_Position", "joint_1")
print(f"New position: {pos:.2f}°")  # Should be close to 0
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:334

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Disconnecting

# Disconnect and disable torque
motor_bus.disconnect(disable_torque=True)

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MIT Impedance Control

Damiao motors use MIT-style impedance control, which combines position, velocity, and torque control: 
τ = Kp × (θ_goal - θ_actual) + Kd × (ω_goal - ω_actual) + τ_feedforward

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Control Parameters

  • Kp (Stiffness): Position error gain (0-500)
    • Higher = stiffer, tracks position better
    • Lower = more compliant, absorbs impacts
    • Default: 10.0
  • Kd (Damping): Velocity error gain (0-5)
    • Higher = more damping, reduces oscillations
    • Lower = faster response, may oscillate
    • Default: 0.5
  • Goal Position: Target position in degrees
  • Goal Velocity: Target velocity in degrees/second (usually 0)
  • Feedforward Torque: Direct torque command in N⋅m (usually 0)
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:463

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Tuning Gains

# Stiff position control (for precise positioning)
motor_bus.write("Kp", "joint_1", 50.0)
motor_bus.write("Kd", "joint_1", 2.0)

# Compliant control (for contact-rich tasks)
motor_bus.write("Kp", "joint_1", 5.0)
motor_bus.write("Kd", "joint_1", 0.3)

# Test response
motor_bus.write("Goal_Position", "joint_1", 45.0)
time.sleep(1)

# Monitor oscillation
for _ in range(100):
    pos = motor_bus.read("Present_Position", "joint_1")
    vel = motor_bus.read("Present_Velocity", "joint_1")
    print(f"Pos: {pos:.2f}°, Vel: {vel:.2f}°/s")
    time.sleep(0.01)

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Motor Calibration

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Recording Range of Motion

# Interactive calibration
print("Recording ranges of motion...")
mins, maxes = motor_bus.record_ranges_of_motion(
    motors=["joint_1", "joint_2"],
    display_values=True
)
# Move motors through their full range, press Enter when done

print(f"Recorded ranges:")
for motor in mins:
    print(f"  {motor}: {mins[motor]:.1f}° to {maxes[motor]:.1f}°")
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:759

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Saving Calibration

from lerobot.motors.motors_bus import MotorCalibration
import json

# Create calibration dict
calibration = {}
for motor in motors:
    calibration[motor] = MotorCalibration(
        id=motors[motor].id,
        drive_mode=0,
        homing_offset=0,  # Damiao uses hardware zero
        range_min=int(mins[motor]),
        range_max=int(maxes[motor]),
    )

# Write to motors (in-memory only for Damiao)
motor_bus.write_calibration(calibration)

# Save to file for persistence
with open("robot_calibration.json", "w") as f:
    cal_dict = {name: cal.__dict__ for name, cal in calibration.items()}
    json.dump(cal_dict, f, indent=2)

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Advanced Usage

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High-Frequency Control Loop

import time
import numpy as np

motor_bus.connect()
motor_bus.enable_torque()

# Set control gains
motor_bus.sync_write("Kp", {"joint_1": 20.0, "joint_2": 20.0})
motor_bus.sync_write("Kd", {"joint_1": 1.0, "joint_2": 1.0})

# Sinusoidal trajectory
freq = 0.5  # Hz
amplitude = 30.0  # degrees
dt = 0.001  # 1 ms -> 1000 Hz

start_time = time.time()
try:
    while True:
        t = time.time() - start_time
        
        # Generate trajectory
        goal_pos = amplitude * np.sin(2 * np.pi * freq * t)
        
        # Send commands
        motor_bus.sync_write("Goal_Position", {
            "joint_1": goal_pos,
            "joint_2": -goal_pos,
        })
        
        # Read state (every 10 ms)
        if int(t * 100) % 1 == 0:
            states = motor_bus.sync_read_all_states()
            print(f"t={t:.2f}s, positions={[s['position'] for s in states.values()]}")
        
        # Precise sleep
        time.sleep(dt)
        
except KeyboardInterrupt:
    print("Stopping...")
finally:
    motor_bus.disable_torque()
    motor_bus.disconnect()

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Gravity Compensation

# Example: Simple gravity compensation for 1-DOF arm
import numpy as np

# Robot parameters
L = 0.3  # Link length (m)
m = 1.0  # Link mass (kg)
g = 9.81  # Gravity (m/s²)

motor_bus.connect()
motor_bus.enable_torque()

# Use low stiffness for compliance
motor_bus.write("Kp", "joint_1", 5.0)
motor_bus.write("Kd", "joint_1", 0.5)

while True:
    # Read current position
    theta = motor_bus.read("Present_Position", "joint_1")
    theta_rad = np.radians(theta)
    
    # Compute gravity torque
    tau_gravity = m * g * (L / 2) * np.cos(theta_rad)
    
    # Send feedforward torque
    # Note: Direct torque feedforward not shown in simplified API
    # In practice, use _mit_control() for advanced control
    
    time.sleep(0.01)

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Emergency Stop

import signal
import sys

def emergency_stop(sig, frame):
    print("\nEMERGENCY STOP!")
    motor_bus.disable_torque()
    motor_bus.disconnect()
    sys.exit(0)

# Register Ctrl+C handler
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, emergency_stop)

# Your control code here
motor_bus.connect()
motor_bus.enable_torque()
# ...

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Troubleshooting

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Connection Issues

“No response from motor” error:
  • Verify 24V power is connected and adequate
  • Check CAN wiring: CAN_H, CAN_L, GND
  • Verify motor CAN IDs match configuration
  • Ensure CAN interface is up: ip link show can0
  • Try lower bitrate: bitrate=500000
  • Check termination resistors (120Ω at both ends)
From /home/daytona/workspace/source/src/lerobot/motors/damiao/damiao.py:585 “Failed to connect to CAN bus” error: Linux: 
# Check if interface exists
ip link show can0

# Bring up if down
sudo ip link set can0 up

# Check for errors
ip -s link show can0
macOS: 
# Verify serial port
ls /dev/cu.usbmodem*

# Check permissions
ls -l /dev/cu.usbmodem*

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Motor Behavior Issues

Motor oscillates or vibrates:
  • Reduce Kp gain
  • Increase Kd gain for damping
  • Check for mechanical binding
  • Verify adequate power supply
Motor doesn’t reach target position:
  • Increase Kp gain
  • Check position limits
  • Verify motor is enabled
  • Check for external load exceeding motor torque capacity
High temperature warnings:
  • Reduce duty cycle
  • Improve cooling (heatsinks, airflow)
  • Check for mechanical friction
  • Reduce Kp/Kd if causing constant torque
  • Monitor continuously: 
    temp = motor_bus.read("Temperature_MOS", "joint_1")
if temp > 80:  # °C
    print("WARNING: High temperature!")
    motor_bus.disable_torque()

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Performance Issues

Low control rate / packet drops:
  • Use CAN FD: use_can_fd=True
  • Increase data bitrate: data_bitrate=5000000
  • Use batch operations: sync_write(), sync_read_all_states()
  • Reduce number of read operations per cycle
  • Check CAN bus load: canbusload can0@1000000
Inconsistent latency:
  • Ensure real-time Linux kernel (PREEMPT_RT)
  • Set process priority: 
    import os
os.nice(-20)  # Requires root
  • Disable CPU frequency scaling
  • Use dedicated CAN interface (not shared with other devices)

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CAN Bus Monitoring

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Monitoring Traffic

# Dump all CAN messages
candump can0

# Dump with timestamps
candump -t a can0

# Filter specific ID
candump can0,0x101:7FF  # Only receive ID 0x101

# Log to file
candump -l can0

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Bus Statistics

# Check error counters
ip -s -s link show can0

# Monitor bus load
canbusload can0@1000000 -r

# Send test message
cansend can0 001#FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

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Best Practices

  1. Always use synchronized operations (sync_write, sync_read_all_states) for multi-motor control
  2. Start with low gains (Kp=5, Kd=0.5) and increase gradually
  3. Monitor temperatures during extended operation
  4. Use CAN FD for high-frequency control (>500 Hz)
  5. Implement emergency stop (catch Ctrl+C, disable torque)
  6. Set zero positions after mechanical assembly
  7. Check CAN statistics regularly for packet loss
  8. Use proper termination to prevent signal reflections
  9. Limit current if needed to protect mechanics
  10. Log all motor errors for debugging

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References

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