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Overview

Conditional statements allow your programs to make decisions based on boolean expressions. Expresiones supports if-else statements with logical operators for complex conditions.

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Logical Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
==Equal tox == 5
!=Not equal tox != 0
>Greater thanx > 10
<Less thanx < 20
>=Greater than or equalx >= 15
<=Less than or equalx <= 100
&&Logical ANDx > 0 && y < 10
``Logical OR`x == 1y == 2`
!Logical NOT!activo

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Simple Conditional

Here’s a basic if-else statement: 
program {
    int valorUno; 
    int valorDos; 
    int resultado;
    int exito; 
    int error;

    valorUno = 5; 
    valorDos = 10; 
    resultado = valorUno + valorDos;

    if(resultado > 10){
        exito = 1; 
    } else {
        error = 0; 
    }
}

​
Expected Output

Condition evaluated: true
exito = 1

​
Symbol Table

┌─────────────┬──────────┬───────────┐
│ Identifier  │ Type     │ Value     │
├─────────────┼──────────┼───────────┤
│ valorUno    │ int      │ 5         │
│ valorDos    │ int      │ 10        │
│ resultado   │ int      │ 15        │
│ exito       │ int      │ 1         │
│ error       │ int      │ (unset)   │
└─────────────┴──────────┴───────────┘
1
Step 1: Calculate Result
2
resultado = valorUno + valorDos evaluates to 15.
3
Step 2: Evaluate Condition
4
The condition resultado > 10 is checked:
5
  • 15 > 10 evaluates to true
    • 6
    Step 3: Execute True Branch
    7
    Since the condition is true, the if block executes:
    8
  • exito = 1 is assigned
    • 9
    Step 4: Skip Else Branch
    10
    The else block is skipped, so error remains uninitialized.

    ​
    Compound Conditions with AND

    Use && to require multiple conditions to be true: 
    program {
    int x = 10;
    int y = 5;
    bool activo = 1;
    int resultado;
    
    resultado = x + y * 2;  // 10 + 10 = 20
    
    if (resultado > 15 && activo == 1) {
        x = x + 100;
    } else {
        resultado = 999;
    }
}

    ​
    Expected Output

    Condition: 20 > 15 && 1 == 1
Both conditions true - executing if block
x = 110
    1
    Step 1: Evaluate First Condition
    2
    resultado > 15 → 20 > 15 → true
    3
    Step 2: Evaluate Second Condition
    4
    activo == 1 → 1 == 1 → true
    5
    Step 3: Combine with AND
    6
    true && true → true
    7
    Step 4: Execute If Block
    8
    x = x + 100 → x = 110

    ​
    Compound Conditions with OR

    Use || when any condition can trigger the branch: 
    program {
    int temperatura = 25;
    int humedad = 80;
    int alerta;
    
    if (temperatura > 30 || humedad > 75) {
        alerta = 1;
    } else {
        alerta = 0;
    }
}

    ​
    Expected Output

    Condition: 25 > 30 || 80 > 75
Second condition true - executing if block
alerta = 1
    1
    Step 1: Evaluate First Condition
    2
    temperatura > 30 → 25 > 30 → false
    3
    Step 2: Evaluate Second Condition
    4
    humedad > 75 → 80 > 75 → true
    5
    Step 3: Combine with OR
    6
    false || true → true
    7
    Step 4: Execute If Block
    8
    alerta = 1

    ​
    Nested Conditionals

    You can nest if-else statements for complex logic: 
    program {
    int x = 110;
    int y = 5;
    
    if (x >= 110) {
        y = y * y;  // 5 * 5 = 25
    } else {
        y = 0;
    }
}

    ​
    Expected Output

    Condition: 110 >= 110
Condition true
y = 25
    1
    Step 1: Evaluate Outer Condition
    2
    x >= 110 → 110 >= 110 → true
    3
    Step 2: Execute True Branch
    4
    Calculate y * y:
    5
  • 5 * 5 = 25
  • Assign result to y
    • 6
    Step 3: Skip Else Branch
    7
    The else branch (y = 0) is not executed.

    ​
    Boolean Variables

    Expresioes uses 1 for true and 0 for false: 
    program {
    bool activo = 1;  // true
    bool inactivo = 0;  // false
    int resultado;
    
    if (activo == 1) {
        resultado = 100;
    }
    
    if (inactivo == 0) {
        resultado = resultado + 50;
    }
}

    ​
    Expected Output

    First condition: true
Second condition: true
resultado = 150

    ​
    Common Patterns

    Check if a value falls within a range:
    if (x >= 0 && x <= 100) {
    // x is between 0 and 100
}
    Remember to use == for comparison, not =:
    // Wrong - this is assignment!
if (x = 5) { }

// Correct - this is comparison
if (x == 5) { }
    Use else to handle all other cases:
    if (condicion) {
    resultado = 1;
} else {
    resultado = 0;  // Default case
}
    Combine multiple logical operators:
    if ((x > 0 && x < 10) || y == 100) {
    // Complex condition
}

    ​
    Best Practices

    Be careful with nested conditions - too many levels can make code hard to understand. Consider refactoring complex logic into simpler conditions.
    Use parentheses to make complex conditions more readable:
    // Less readable
if (a > 5 && b < 10 || c == 0) { }

// More readable
if ((a > 5 && b < 10) || c == 0) { }

    ​
    Next Steps

    Basic Arithmetic

    Review arithmetic operations and expressions

    Complex Programs

    See how arithmetic and conditionals work together

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