Digital Signatures

Overview

VoicePact uses cryptographic digital signatures to ensure contract authenticity and non-repudiation. Each party’s confirmation is signed with unique cryptographic keys derived from their phone number, creating legally binding digital signatures.

Cryptographic Security

Ed25519 elliptic curve signatures for maximum security

Non-Repudiation

Parties cannot deny signing once signature is recorded

SMS Integration

Simple SMS confirmation creates cryptographic signature

Audit Trail

Complete signature history with timestamps and metadata

How It Works

Key Derivation

Unique signing keys are derived from the party’s phone number using PBKDF2 key derivation.

Signature Generation

When a party confirms via SMS/USSD, a digital signature is generated using their derived key.

Signature Recording

The signature is stored in the database with timestamp, IP address, and user agent.

Verification

Signatures can be verified at any time using the original contract data and phone number.

Signature Methods

VoicePact supports multiple signature methods:

sms_confirmation: Reply to SMS with YES/NO command
ussd_confirmation: Confirm through USSD menu
voice_confirmation: Verbal confirmation during call
api_signature: Direct API call with authentication

Creating Signatures

Via SMS Confirmation

When a party replies to a contract SMS:

SMS from +254712345678:
"YES-AG-2024-001234"

The system automatically:

Parses the contract ID
Derives the signing key for the phone number
Generates a cryptographic signature
Records the signature in the database

See crypto_service.py:65 for signature generation.

Via API

Create a signature programmatically:

import httpx

response = httpx.post(
    "https://api.voicepact.com/api/v1/signatures/create",
    json={
        "contract_id": "AG-2024-001234",
        "signer_phone": "+254712345678",
        "signature_method": "api_signature",
        "ip_address": "41.90.123.45",
        "user_agent": "VoicePact-Mobile/1.0"
    }
)

result = response.json()
print(f"Signature ID: {result['signature_id']}")
print(f"Signature Hash: {result['signature_hash']}")
print(f"Status: {result['status']}")

Signature Generation

The cryptographic process:

from app.services.crypto_service import get_crypto_service

crypto = get_crypto_service()

# Sign contract data
signature = crypto.sign_contract(
    contract_data="{contract_hash}:{contract_id}:{terms_json}",
    phone_number="+254712345678"
)

print(f"Signature: {signature}")
# Output: Base64-encoded Ed25519 signature

Signature Components

A signature includes:

Contract Data: Hash of contract content
Phone Number: Signer’s identifier
Timestamp: When signature was created
Message: Combined string that is signed

The message format:

{contract_data}:{phone_number}:{timestamp}

See crypto_service.py:65 for implementation.

Key Derivation

Signing keys are derived from phone numbers:

def _derive_signing_key(self, phone_number: str) -> bytes:
    """Derive a unique signing key from phone number"""
    kdf = PBKDF2HMAC(
        algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
        length=32,
        salt=self.salt.encode('utf-8'),
        iterations=100000,
    )
    
    key_material = f"{self.master_key}:{phone_number}".encode('utf-8')
    return kdf.derive(key_material)

This ensures:

Each phone number has a unique key
Keys are deterministic (same phone = same key)
Keys cannot be reverse-engineered
Master key adds additional security layer

See crypto_service.py:246 for key derivation.

Signature Verification

Verify a signature:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

is_valid = crypto.verify_signature(
    contract_data="{contract_hash}:{contract_id}:{terms_json}",
    phone_number="+254712345678",
    signature="base64_encoded_signature"
)

if is_valid:
    print("Signature is valid")
else:
    print("Signature verification failed")

Time-Window Verification

Signatures are verified with time-window tolerance:

# Try multiple time windows to account for clock skew
for time_window in [0, 1, 2]:
    test_time = datetime.utcnow().replace(
        minute=(datetime.utcnow().minute // 10 - time_window) * 10,
        second=0,
        microsecond=0
    )
    test_message = f"{contract_data}:{phone_number}:{test_time.isoformat()}"
    
    try:
        public_key.verify(signature_bytes, test_message.encode('utf-8'))
        return True
    except:
        continue

return False

This allows for:

Clock synchronization differences
Network delays
Processing time variations

See crypto_service.py:78 for verification logic.

Database Model

Signatures are stored with complete audit information:

class ContractSignature(Base):
    __tablename__ = "contract_signatures"
    
    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    contract_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50), ForeignKey("contracts.id"))
    signer_phone: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(20), index=True)
    
    signature_method: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(20), default="sms_confirmation")
    signature_hash: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(128))
    signature_data: Mapped[Optional[dict]] = mapped_column(JSON, default=dict)
    
    status: Mapped[SignatureStatus] = mapped_column(
        Enum(SignatureStatus),
        default=SignatureStatus.PENDING
    )
    
    signed_at: Mapped[Optional[datetime]] = mapped_column(DateTime)
    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow)
    expires_at: Mapped[Optional[datetime]] = mapped_column(DateTime)
    
    ip_address: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(String(45))
    user_agent: Mapped[Optional[str]] = mapped_column(String(200))

See contract.py:173 for model definition.

Signature Status

Signatures progress through states:

class SignatureStatus(str, enum.Enum):
    PENDING = "pending"      # Awaiting signature
    SIGNED = "signed"        # Successfully signed
    REJECTED = "rejected"    # Party declined
    EXPIRED = "expired"      # Signature window closed

See contract.py:58 for status enum.

SMS Confirmation Codes

Generate 6-digit confirmation codes:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

code = crypto.generate_sms_confirmation_code(
    contract_id="AG-2024-001234",
    phone_number="+254712345678"
)

print(f"Confirmation code: {code}")  # e.g., "482051"

Code Verification

is_valid = crypto.verify_sms_confirmation(
    contract_id="AG-2024-001234",
    phone_number="+254712345678",
    code="482051"
)

if is_valid:
    print("Code verified - create signature")

See crypto_service.py:101 for confirmation codes.

Contract Hash Generation

Every contract gets a unique cryptographic hash:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

contract_hash = crypto.generate_contract_hash(
    content=f"{transcript}:{terms_json}:{parties_list}:{timestamp}"
)

print(f"Contract Hash: {contract_hash}")
# Output: 64-character hexadecimal hash

Hash Algorithm

VoicePact uses BLAKE2b or SHA-256:

if settings.contract_hash_algorithm == "blake2b":
    hash_obj = hashlib.blake2b(content_bytes, digest_size=32)
else:
    hash_obj = hashlib.sha256(content_bytes)

return hash_obj.hexdigest()

See crypto_service.py:51 for hash generation.

Contract Integrity Validation

Verify contract hasn’t been tampered with:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

original_hash = contract.contract_hash
current_content = f"{contract.transcript}:{contract.terms}:{contract.parties}"

is_valid = crypto.validate_contract_integrity(
    original_hash=original_hash,
    current_content=current_content
)

if not is_valid:
    raise Exception("Contract has been tampered with!")

See crypto_service.py:238 for integrity validation.

Audit Signatures

Every contract action is signed for audit trail:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

audit_sig = crypto.create_audit_signature(
    action="contract_signed",
    contract_id="AG-2024-001234",
    actor="+254712345678",
    data={
        "signature_method": "sms_confirmation",
        "ip_address": "41.90.123.45",
        "timestamp": "2024-03-06T10:30:00Z"
    }
)

print(f"Audit Signature: {audit_sig}")
# Format: {timestamp}:{signature_hash}

Audit Verification

is_valid = crypto.verify_audit_signature(
    signature=audit_sig,
    action="contract_signed",
    contract_id="AG-2024-001234",
    actor="+254712345678",
    data=original_data
)

See crypto_service.py:130 for audit signatures.

Key Pair Generation

Generate Ed25519 key pairs:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

private_key, public_key = crypto.generate_key_pair()

print(f"Private Key: {private_key[:50]}...")
print(f"Public Key: {public_key[:50]}...")

Keys are Base64-encoded PEM format:

private_key = ed25519.Ed25519PrivateKey.generate()
public_key = private_key.public_key()

private_pem = private_key.private_bytes(
    encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
    format=serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
    encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption()
)

public_pem = public_key.public_bytes(
    encoding=serialization.Encoding.PEM,
    format=serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo
)

return (
    base64.b64encode(private_pem).decode('utf-8'),
    base64.b64encode(public_pem).decode('utf-8')
)

See crypto_service.py:27 for key generation.

Webhook Signatures

Secure webhook payloads with HMAC signatures:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

# Generate signature for outgoing webhook
payload = json.dumps(webhook_data)
signature = crypto.generate_webhook_signature(payload)

headers = {
    "X-VoicePact-Signature": signature,
    "Content-Type": "application/json"
}

Webhook Verification

# Verify incoming webhook
payload = await request.body()
signature = request.headers.get("X-Webhook-Signature")

is_valid = crypto.verify_webhook_signature(
    payload=payload.decode(),
    signature=signature
)

if not is_valid:
    raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid signature")

See crypto_service.py:162 for webhook signatures.

Session Tokens

Generate secure session tokens for USSD/API:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

token = crypto.generate_session_token(
    phone_number="+254712345678",
    session_type="ussd"
)

print(f"Session Token: {token}")
# Output: URL-safe Base64 string

See crypto_service.py:227 for session tokens.

Data Encryption

Encrypt sensitive contract data:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

# Encrypt
encrypted = crypto.encrypt_sensitive_data(
    data="Sensitive payment details",
    context="payment_info"
)

# Decrypt
decrypted = crypto.decrypt_sensitive_data(
    encrypted_data=encrypted,
    context="payment_info"
)

Encryption uses:

PBKDF2 key derivation
100,000 iterations
Random salt per encryption
Context-specific keys

See crypto_service.py:184 for encryption.

Payment References

Generate unique payment reference codes:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

reference = crypto.generate_payment_reference(
    contract_id="AG-2024-001234",
    amount=350000.00,
    phone_number="+254712345678"
)

print(f"Payment Reference: {reference}")
# Output: 16-character uppercase hex (e.g., "A7F5C3D8E9B2F1D0")

See crypto_service.py:121 for payment references.

Contract Verification Codes

Generate human-readable verification codes:

crypto = get_crypto_service()

code = crypto.generate_contract_verification_code(
    contract_id="AG-2024-001234"
)

print(f"Verification Code: {code}")
# Output: "VC-A7F5C3D8"

See crypto_service.py:265 for verification codes.

Security Best Practices

Key Management

Store master keys in secure environment variables
Use different keys for development/production
Rotate keys periodically
Never log private keys

Signature Validation

Always verify signatures before trusting data
Check signature expiration times
Validate signer authority for contract
Log failed verification attempts

Audit Trail

Sign all critical actions
Store complete signature metadata
Include IP addresses and timestamps
Make audit logs immutable

Webhook Security

Verify all webhook signatures
Use HTTPS for webhook endpoints
Implement replay attack prevention
Rate limit webhook processing

Error Handling

from app.services.crypto_service import CryptographicError

try:
    signature = crypto.sign_contract(contract_data, phone_number)
except CryptographicError as e:
    logger.error(f"Signature generation failed: {e}")
    # Handle error - notify user, retry, etc.

try:
    is_valid = crypto.verify_signature(contract_data, phone_number, signature)
    if not is_valid:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid signature")
except CryptographicError as e:
    logger.error(f"Signature verification failed: {e}")
    # Treat as invalid signature
    raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Signature verification error")

Legal Considerations

Digital signatures in VoicePact:

Legally Binding: Meet requirements for electronic signatures in many jurisdictions
Non-Repudiation: Parties cannot deny signing
Authentication: Phone number confirms identity
Integrity: Any tampering is detectable
Audit Trail: Complete record of all signatures

Consult local regulations for specific requirements in your jurisdiction.

Performance

Signature operations are highly optimized:

Key Derivation: ~100ms (cached per session)
Signature Generation: <10ms
Signature Verification: <10ms
Hash Generation: <1ms

Next Steps

Voice Contracts

Create contracts that require signatures

SMS Verification

Understand SMS-based signing

USSD Integration

Sign via USSD menus

Mobile Money

Cryptographically secure payments

Get Started

Core Concepts

Features

Integrations

Analytics

​Overview

Cryptographic Security

Non-Repudiation

SMS Integration

Audit Trail

​How It Works

​Signature Methods

​Creating Signatures

​Via SMS Confirmation

​Via API

​Signature Generation

​Signature Components

​Key Derivation

​Signature Verification

​Time-Window Verification

​Database Model

​Signature Status

​SMS Confirmation Codes

​Code Verification

​Contract Hash Generation

​Hash Algorithm

​Contract Integrity Validation

​Audit Signatures

​Audit Verification

​Key Pair Generation

​Webhook Signatures

​Webhook Verification

​Session Tokens

​Data Encryption

​Payment References

​Contract Verification Codes

​Security Best Practices

​Error Handling

​Legal Considerations

​Performance

​Next Steps

Voice Contracts

SMS Verification

USSD Integration

Mobile Money

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Overview

How It Works

Signature Methods

Creating Signatures

Via SMS Confirmation

Via API

Signature Generation

Signature Components

Key Derivation

Signature Verification

Time-Window Verification

Database Model

Signature Status

SMS Confirmation Codes

Code Verification

Contract Hash Generation

Hash Algorithm

Contract Integrity Validation

Audit Signatures

Audit Verification

Key Pair Generation

Webhook Signatures

Webhook Verification

Session Tokens

Data Encryption

Payment References

Contract Verification Codes

Security Best Practices

Error Handling

Legal Considerations

Performance

Next Steps