Security Configuration

Securing your Sakai installation is critical for protecting user data and maintaining system integrity. This guide covers essential security configurations and best practices.

SSL/TLS Configuration

Always use HTTPS in production to encrypt data in transit.

Tomcat SSL Configuration

Obtain SSL Certificate

Options:

Purchase from certificate authority
Use Let’s Encrypt (free)
Generate self-signed (testing only)

For Let’s Encrypt:

sudo certbot certonly --standalone -d sakai.example.edu

Configure Tomcat Connector

Edit /opt/tomcat9/conf/server.xml:

<Connector port="8443" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
           maxThreads="150" SSLEnabled="true">
    <SSLHostConfig>
        <Certificate
            certificateKeyFile="/etc/letsencrypt/live/sakai.example.edu/privkey.pem"
            certificateFile="/etc/letsencrypt/live/sakai.example.edu/cert.pem"
            certificateChainFile="/etc/letsencrypt/live/sakai.example.edu/chain.pem"
            type="RSA" />
    </SSLHostConfig>
</Connector>

Force HTTPS in Sakai

Add to sakai.properties:

# Force HTTPS URLs
force.url.secure=443

# Server URL with HTTPS
serverUrl=https://sakai.example.edu

Redirect HTTP to HTTPS

Add redirect connector in server.xml:

<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
           redirectPort="8443" />

Reverse Proxy SSL Termination

For production, use a reverse proxy (nginx/Apache) for SSL termination.

Nginx Configuration

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name sakai.example.edu;
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name sakai.example.edu;

    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/sakai.example.edu/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/sakai.example.edu/privkey.pem;
    
    # SSL Settings
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
    
    # Security Headers
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" always;
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
    
    location / {
        proxy_pass http://localhost:8080;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    }
}

Tomcat RemoteIpValve

Configure Tomcat to recognize forwarded headers:

<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteIpValve"
       remoteIpHeader="x-forwarded-for"
       protocolHeader="x-forwarded-proto" />

When using a reverse proxy, do NOT set force.url.secure in sakai.properties. Use RemoteIpValve instead.

Authentication Security

Password Policies

Enforce strong password requirements.

Enable Password Policy

# Enable password policy
user.password.policy=true

# Policy provider
user.password.policy.provider.name=org.sakaiproject.user.api.PasswordPolicyProvider

# Entropy requirements (password strength)
user.password.minimum.entropy=16
user.password.medium.entropy=32
user.password.high.entropy=48

# Prevent user info in passwords
user.password.maximum.sequence.length=3

Password Requirements

With policy enabled, passwords must:

Meet minimum entropy score
Not contain long sequences from username
Not be common dictionary words
Meet length requirements

# Log failed login attempts
login.log-failed=true

# Enable account lockout after failed attempts
user.login.maxattempts=5
user.login.lockout.minutes=30

Session Security

# Session timeout (minutes)
inactiveInterval=30

# Cookie security
cookieName=SAKAIID
cookieSecure=true
cookieHttpOnly=true

# Cookie domain (for subdomain access)
cookieDomain=.example.edu

reCAPTCHA Protection

Prevent automated attacks on login and registration.

# Enable reCAPTCHA
user.recaptcha.enabled=true
user.recaptcha.public-key=YOUR_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY
user.recaptcha.private-key=YOUR_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY

Get keys from Google reCAPTCHA.

Single Sign-On (SSO)

Integrate with institutional authentication systems.

CAS (Central Authentication Service)

Enable CAS in Sakai

# Enable container authentication
container.login=true
top.login=false

# CAS server URL
cas.server.url=https://cas.example.edu/cas

# Service URL (your Sakai instance)
cas.service.url=https://sakai.example.edu/portal

# Container logout URL
login.container.logout.url=https://cas.example.edu/cas/logout

Configure Tomcat Valve

Add CAS valve to server.xml or context.xml:

<Valve className="org.jasig.cas.client.tomcat.v90.Cas30CasAuthenticator"
       casServerLoginUrl="https://cas.example.edu/cas/login"
       serverName="https://sakai.example.edu" />

Enable Guest Login

Allow direct login for guest accounts:

# Enable extra login
xlogin.enabled=true
xlogin.text=Guest Login
xlogin.choice.text=Guest Users

SAML 2.0

Integrate with SAML identity providers.

# SAML entity ID
saml.entityId=https://sakai.example.edu/saml

# Identity Provider metadata
saml.idp.entityId=https://idp.example.edu/saml
saml.idp.metadata.url=https://idp.example.edu/metadata.xml

# Attribute mapping
saml.attribute.userid=urn:oid:0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.1
saml.attribute.email=urn:oid:0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.3
saml.attribute.givenName=urn:oid:2.5.4.42
saml.attribute.surname=urn:oid:2.5.4.4

# Signing and encryption
saml.keystore.path=/path/to/saml-keystore.jks
saml.keystore.password=KEYSTORE_PASSWORD
saml.key.alias=sakai
saml.key.password=KEY_PASSWORD

LDAP/Active Directory

Authenticate against directory services.

# LDAP provider
provider.directory=org.sakaiproject.user.api.UserDirectoryProvider

# LDAP connection
ldap.url=ldaps://ldap.example.edu:636
ldap.basedn=ou=people,dc=example,dc=edu

# Bind credentials for search
ldap.bind.dn=cn=sakai,ou=services,dc=example,dc=edu
ldap.bind.password=LDAP_PASSWORD

# User attributes
ldap.attribute.userid=uid
ldap.attribute.firstname=givenName
ldap.attribute.lastname=sn
ldap.attribute.email=mail

# Search filter
ldap.filter=(objectClass=inetOrgPerson)

# Connection pooling
ldap.pooling=true
ldap.pool.maxsize=20

Use LDAPS (LDAP over SSL) instead of plain LDAP to encrypt directory communications.

Content Security

HTML Content Filtering

Protect against XSS attacks by filtering user-submitted HTML.

# Use high security profile (recommended)
content.cleaner.default.low.security=false

# Error handling for invalid HTML
# Options: none, logged, notify, display
content.cleaner.errors.handling=notify

# Log errors for monitoring
content.cleaner.errors.logged=true

# Force HTML files to download (prevent execution)
content.html.forcedownload=true

Custom Security Policies

Override AntiSamy security policies:

Create custom policy files:
- ${sakai.home}/antisamy/high-security-policy.xml
- ${sakai.home}/antisamy/low-security-policy.xml
Base on default policies in:
- kernel/sakai-kernel-impl/src/main/resources/antisamy/

File Upload Security

# Maximum upload size (MB)
content.upload.max=20

# Upload ceiling (cannot be exceeded)
content.upload.ceiling=100

# Upload temporary directory
content.upload.dir=/tmp/sakai-uploads

# Block dangerous file types
content.upload.blocked.extensions=exe,bat,cmd,com,pif,scr,vbs,js,jar

# Virus scanning integration
viruscan.enabled=true
viruscan.engine=clamav
viruscan.host=localhost
viruscan.port=3310

Access Control

IP-Based Restrictions

Restrict access to administrative functions.

# Web services IP whitelist
webservices.allowlogin=true
webservices.allow=127.0.0.1,10.0.0.0/8,192.168.1.0/24

# Admin workspace IP restrictions
admin.workspace.allowed.ips=10.0.0.0/8

User Type Restrictions

Limit account creation by user type.

# Types allowed for anonymous registration
user.registrationTypes=registered

# Types non-admins can create
user.nonAdminTypes=guest

Email Domain Restrictions

# Blocked email domains for registration
invalidEmailInIdAccountString[email protected],@yahoo.com,@hotmail.com

# Custom error message
user.email.invalid.domain.message=Please use your institutional email address.

# Disallow duplicate emails
user.email.allowduplicates=false

Database Security

Connection Security

# Use SSL for database connection
url@javax.sql.BaseDataSource=jdbc:mariadb://db.example.edu:3306/sakai?useSSL=true&requireSSL=true

# Verify server certificate
url@javax.sql.BaseDataSource=jdbc:mariadb://db.example.edu:3306/sakai?useSSL=true&serverSslCert=/path/to/ca.pem

Database User Permissions

Grant minimal required permissions:

-- Create dedicated Sakai user
CREATE USER 'sakai'@'app-server.example.edu' IDENTIFIED BY 'STRONG_PASSWORD';

-- Grant only necessary privileges
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, INDEX, ALTER 
ON sakai.* TO 'sakai'@'app-server.example.edu';

-- Do NOT grant:
-- DROP, GRANT, FILE, PROCESS, SUPER, etc.

Password Storage

Never store database passwords in plain text. Encrypt Properties:

# Use Tomcat vault or encrypted properties
# Store in security.properties instead of sakai.properties

Environment Variables:

# In setenv.sh
export DB_PASSWORD="your_password"

# In sakai.properties
[email protected]=${env.DB_PASSWORD}

API Security

Web Services Authentication

# Require authentication for web services
webservices.allowlogin=true

# Session-based authentication
webservices.allow.session=true

# IP restrictions
webservices.allow=127.0.0.1,10.0.0.0/8

# Rate limiting
webservices.ratelimit.enabled=true
webservices.ratelimit.requests=100
webservices.ratelimit.period=60

REST API Security

# Enable REST entity broker
entitybroker.rest.enabled=true

# Require authentication
entitybroker.require.authentication=true

# CORS settings
entitybroker.cors.enabled=true
entitybroker.cors.allowed.origins=https://trusted-site.example.edu

Security Headers

Add security headers to HTTP responses.

Configure Response Headers

# Number of headers to add
response.headers.count=5

# Security headers
response.headers.1=X-Content-Type-Options::nosniff
response.headers.2=X-Frame-Options::SAMEORIGIN
response.headers.3=X-XSS-Protection::1; mode=block
response.headers.4=Strict-Transport-Security::max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
response.headers.5=Content-Security-Policy::default-src 'self'

Content Security Policy

Define allowed content sources:

response.headers.6=Content-Security-Policy::default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data: https:; font-src 'self' data:; connect-src 'self'

Test CSP thoroughly before deployment as it can break functionality if too restrictive.

Privacy and Data Protection

# Enable privacy controls
privacy.enabled=true

# Allow users to control profile visibility
profile.visibility.user.control=true

# Data retention policies
data.retention.enabled=true
data.retention.period.days=2555  # 7 years

# User data export
user.data.export.enabled=true

# Enable cookie policy warning
portal.cookie.policy.warning.enabled=true
portal.cookie.policy.warning.url=/library/content/cookie_policy.html

Audit Logging

Enable comprehensive audit trails.

# Event logging
events.enabled=true

# Log all user actions
events.log.all=true

# Event table size monitoring
events.size.check=true

# Archive old events
events.archive.enabled=true
events.archive.age.days=365

Monitoring and Alerts

Security Event Monitoring

Monitor critical security events:

# Alert on multiple failed logins
security.alert.failed.logins=5
security.alert.failed.logins.period=300

# Alert email
security.alert.email[email protected]

# Monitor privilege escalation
security.monitor.admin.access=true

Log Analysis

Regularly review logs for:

Failed login attempts
Privilege escalation attempts
Unusual API usage
Large file uploads
Database errors

# Monitor failed logins
grep "Login failed" /opt/tomcat9/logs/catalina.out | tail -100

# Check for suspicious activity
grep -E "(SQL|XSS|script)" /opt/tomcat9/logs/catalina.out

Backup Security

Encrypted Backups

#!/bin/bash
# Encrypted backup script

BACKUP_FILE="sakai-backup-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz"
ENCRYPTED_FILE="${BACKUP_FILE}.gpg"

# Create backup
tar -czf $BACKUP_FILE /var/sakai/content /opt/tomcat9/sakai

# Encrypt with GPG
gpg --symmetric --cipher-algo AES256 $BACKUP_FILE

# Remove unencrypted backup
rm $BACKUP_FILE

# Store encrypted backup securely
mv $ENCRYPTED_FILE /secure/backup/location/

Secure Backup Storage

Store backups on separate systems
Encrypt backups at rest
Limit access to backup files
Regular backup restoration tests
Offsite backup copies

Security Checklist

Security Best Practices

Regular Updates

Apply Sakai security patches promptly
Keep Tomcat updated
Update Java to latest LTS version
Apply OS security updates
Update database server regularly

Principle of Least Privilege

Grant minimal necessary permissions
Limit admin account usage
Use separate accounts for different roles
Regularly audit permissions
Remove unused accounts

Defense in Depth

Multiple security layers
Firewall protection
Intrusion detection/prevention
Network segmentation
Regular security testing

Incident Response

Prepare for security incidents:

Detection: Monitor logs and alerts
Analysis: Investigate suspected incidents
Containment: Isolate affected systems
Eradication: Remove threats
Recovery: Restore normal operations
Lessons Learned: Document and improve

Next Steps

User Management

Secure user account management

Configuration

Review security-related settings

Database Setup

Secure database configuration

Site Administration

Manage site permissions

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Key Features

Administration

Development

​Security Configuration

​SSL/TLS Configuration

​Tomcat SSL Configuration

​Reverse Proxy SSL Termination

​Nginx Configuration

​Tomcat RemoteIpValve

​Authentication Security

​Password Policies

​Enable Password Policy

​Password Requirements

​Failed Login Protection

​Session Security

​reCAPTCHA Protection

​Single Sign-On (SSO)

​CAS (Central Authentication Service)

​SAML 2.0

​LDAP/Active Directory

​Content Security

​HTML Content Filtering

​Custom Security Policies

​File Upload Security

​Access Control

​IP-Based Restrictions

​User Type Restrictions

​Email Domain Restrictions

​Database Security

​Connection Security

​Database User Permissions

​Password Storage

​API Security

​Web Services Authentication

​REST API Security

​Security Headers

​Configure Response Headers

​Content Security Policy

​Privacy and Data Protection

​GDPR Compliance

​Cookie Consent

​Audit Logging

​Monitoring and Alerts

​Security Event Monitoring

​Log Analysis

​Backup Security

​Encrypted Backups

​Secure Backup Storage

​Security Checklist

​Security Best Practices

​Regular Updates

​Principle of Least Privilege

​Defense in Depth

​Incident Response

​Next Steps

User Management

Configuration

Database Setup

Site Administration

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Security Configuration

SSL/TLS Configuration

Tomcat SSL Configuration

Reverse Proxy SSL Termination

Nginx Configuration

Tomcat RemoteIpValve

Authentication Security

Password Policies

Enable Password Policy

Password Requirements

Failed Login Protection

Session Security

reCAPTCHA Protection

Single Sign-On (SSO)

CAS (Central Authentication Service)

SAML 2.0

LDAP/Active Directory

Content Security

HTML Content Filtering

Custom Security Policies

File Upload Security

Access Control

IP-Based Restrictions

User Type Restrictions

Email Domain Restrictions

Database Security

Connection Security

Database User Permissions

Password Storage

API Security

Web Services Authentication

REST API Security

Security Headers

Configure Response Headers

Content Security Policy

Privacy and Data Protection

GDPR Compliance

Cookie Consent

Audit Logging

Monitoring and Alerts

Security Event Monitoring

Log Analysis

Backup Security

Encrypted Backups

Secure Backup Storage

Security Checklist

Security Best Practices

Regular Updates

Principle of Least Privilege

Defense in Depth

Incident Response

Next Steps