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Overview

Dashboard Laravel uses Eloquent ORM, Laravel’s powerful database abstraction layer. Models represent database tables and define relationships between entities.
All models are located in app/Models/ and extend Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model

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Core Models

The application includes 7 primary models representing the business domain:

User

Authentication and user management

Cliente

Customer/client records with relationships

Venta

Sales transactions and orders

Factura

Invoice generation and tracking

Mensaje

Messaging system

Nosotros

About/company information

Home & Estadisticas

Dashboard statistics

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User Model

Location: app/Models/User.php Handles user authentication and authorization. 
class User extends Authenticatable
{
    use HasFactory, Notifiable;

    protected $fillable = [
        'name',
        'email',
        'password',
    ];

    protected $hidden = [
        'password',
        'remember_token',
    ];

    protected function casts(): array
    {
        return [
            'email_verified_at' => 'datetime',
            'password' => 'hashed',
        ];
    }
}
Extends: Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as AuthenticatableTraits:
  • HasFactory - Enables model factories for testing
  • Notifiable - Adds notification capabilities
Fillable Attributes:
  • name - User’s full name
  • email - User’s email address
  • password - Hashed password
Hidden Attributes:
  • password - Never exposed in JSON responses
  • remember_token - Session persistence token
Casts:
  • email_verified_at - Automatically cast to DateTime
  • password - Automatically hashed on save
Timestamps: Enabled (created_at, updated_at)

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Cliente Model

Location: app/Models/Cliente.php Represents customers/clients with full relationship mapping. 
class Cliente extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;

    protected $fillable = [
        'nombre',
        'apellido',
        'email',
        'telefono',
        'estado',
        'segmento',
        'total_compras',
    ];

    public function ventas()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Venta::class);
    }

    public function facturas()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Factura::class);
    }

    public function mensajes()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Mensaje::class);
    }
}
Table: clientesFillable Attributes:
  • nombre - First name
  • apellido - Last name
  • email - Contact email
  • telefono - Phone number
  • estado - Client status (active/inactive)
  • segmento - Customer segment
  • total_compras - Total purchase amount
Relationships:
  • hasMany(Venta::class) - One client has many sales
  • hasMany(Factura::class) - One client has many invoices
  • hasMany(Mensaje::class) - One client has many messages
Timestamps: Enabled

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Venta Model

Location: app/Models/Venta.php Tracks sales transactions and order information. 
class Venta extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;

    protected $fillable = [
        'numero_orden',
        'cliente_id',
        'producto',
        'total',
        'estado',
    ];

    public function cliente()
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Cliente::class);
    }

    public function factura()
    {
        return $this->hasOne(Factura::class);
    }
}
Table: ventasFillable Attributes:
  • numero_orden - Unique order number
  • cliente_id - Foreign key to Cliente
  • producto - Product/service description
  • total - Sale total amount
  • estado - Order status (pending/completed/cancelled)
Relationships:
  • belongsTo(Cliente::class) - Each sale belongs to one client
  • hasOne(Factura::class) - Each sale has one invoice
Timestamps: Enabled

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Factura Model

Location: app/Models/Factura.php Manages invoice generation and payment tracking. 
class Factura extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;

    protected $fillable = [
        'numero_factura',
        'cliente_id',
        'venta_id',
        'concepto',
        'monto',
        'fecha_emision',
        'fecha_vencimiento',
        'estado',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'fecha_emision'     => 'date',
        'fecha_vencimiento' => 'date',
    ];

    public function cliente()
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Cliente::class);
    }

    public function venta()
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Venta::class);
    }
}
Table: facturasFillable Attributes:
  • numero_factura - Invoice number
  • cliente_id - Foreign key to Cliente
  • venta_id - Foreign key to Venta
  • concepto - Invoice description/concept
  • monto - Invoice amount
  • fecha_emision - Issue date
  • fecha_vencimiento - Due date
  • estado - Payment status (paid/pending/overdue)
Casts:
  • fecha_emision - Cast to Carbon date instance
  • fecha_vencimiento - Cast to Carbon date instance
Relationships:
  • belongsTo(Cliente::class) - Invoice belongs to client
  • belongsTo(Venta::class) - Invoice belongs to sale
Timestamps: Enabled

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Mensaje Model

Location: app/Models/Mensaje.php Handles customer messages and communications. 
class Mensaje extends Model
{
    use HasFactory;

    protected $fillable = [
        'cliente_id',
        'contenido',
        'tipo',
        'leido',
    ];

    protected $casts = [
        'leido' => 'boolean',
    ];

    public function cliente()
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Cliente::class);
    }
}
Table: mensajesFillable Attributes:
  • cliente_id - Foreign key to Cliente
  • contenido - Message content/body
  • tipo - Message type (inquiry/support/feedback)
  • leido - Read status
Casts:
  • leido - Cast to boolean (true/false)
Relationships:
  • belongsTo(Cliente::class) - Message belongs to client
Timestamps: Enabled

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Additional Models

Location: app/Models/Nosotros.php
class Nosotros extends Model
{
    //
}
Basic model for storing “About Us” company information. Uses default Eloquent behavior with timestamps enabled.
Location: app/Models/home.php and app/Models/estadisticas.phpSupport models for dashboard statistics and home page data aggregation.

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Model Relationships

Understanding the relationship structure:

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Relationship Types

hasMany

One-to-many relationship. Cliente has many Ventas, Facturas, and Mensajes.

belongsTo

Inverse of hasMany. Venta/Factura/Mensaje belong to Cliente.

hasOne

One-to-one relationship. Each Venta has one Factura.

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Using Model Relationships

// Get all sales for a client
$cliente = Cliente::find(1);
$ventas = $cliente->ventas; // Returns collection of Venta models

// Get client from a sale
$venta = Venta::find(1);
$cliente = $venta->cliente; // Returns Cliente model

// Get invoice from sale
$venta = Venta::with('factura')->find(1);
$factura = $venta->factura;

// Eager loading to prevent N+1 queries
$clientes = Cliente::with(['ventas', 'facturas', 'mensajes'])->get();

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Mass Assignment Protection

All models use the $fillable property for mass assignment protection:
Only attributes listed in $fillable can be mass-assigned using create() or update() methods. This protects against mass assignment vulnerabilities.
// This works - all attributes are fillable
Cliente::create([
    'nombre' => 'Juan',
    'apellido' => 'Pérez',
    'email' => '[email protected]',
]);

// This would fail - 'id' is not fillable
Cliente::create(['id' => 999]); // Exception thrown

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Timestamps

All models automatically track creation and modification times:
  • created_at - Automatically set when record is created
  • updated_at - Automatically updated when record is modified
Timestamps are enabled by default. Access them as Carbon instances for easy date manipulation.

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Next Steps

Controllers

Learn how controllers interact with models

Database Migrations

View database schema definitions

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