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LibXMTP implements automatic key rotation to maintain forward secrecy and limit the impact of key compromise.

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Key Types and Rotation Policies

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Installation Signature Keys

NOT rotated Installation signature keys (Ed25519) form the persistent identity for an installation and are never rotated. 
// Generated once during client initialization
let installation_keys = ed25519_dalek::SigningKey::generate(&mut rng);
Signature keys are permanent identifiers. Only the path encryption secrets are rotated for forward secrecy.
Rationale: The public signature key is used in:
  • MLS leaf nodes as the installation identifier
  • Key package signatures
  • Credential binding to the inbox
Changing it would break the identity chain.

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Path Encryption Secrets

Rotated periodically Path encryption secrets provide forward secrecy and are updated automatically. Rotation triggers:
  1. Before first message - Before sending the first message to any group
  2. After 3 months - Before sending a message if 3 months (90 days) have elapsed since the last path update
// Location: crates/xmtp_mls/src/groups/mod.rs
const KEY_ROTATION_INTERVAL_NS: u64 = 90 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1_000_000_000; // 90 days
Path updates are performed through MLS commit messages that update the sender’s path from leaf to root in the ratchet tree.

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HPKE Key Pairs

Rotated with key packages HPKE keys are used to encrypt Welcome messages and are rotated as part of key package rotation. Key package rotation occurs:
  1. After receiving a Welcome message that used the published key package
  2. When explicitly queued by the application
  3. Periodically if a rotation is queued
Clients may batch rotations - if N Welcome messages arrive simultaneously, only one rotation is performed.
Retention policy: Clients keep at most 2 HPKE keypairs:
  • Current key package HPKE key
  • Previous key package HPKE key
Older keys are deleted after successful rotation.

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Key Package Lifecycle

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Generation and Upload

Key packages are generated during:
  1. Initial registration - First time client is created
  2. Rotation - After Welcome messages or when queued
Generation process: 
// 1. Generate key package locally
let NewKeyPackageResult { key_package, pq_pub_key } = 
    identity.new_key_package(&provider, include_post_quantum)?;

// 2. Serialize to TLS format
let kp_bytes = key_package.tls_serialize_detached()?;

// 3. Store in local database with history ID
let history_id = conn.insert_key_package_history(kp_bytes.clone())?;

// 4. Upload to network
api_client.upload_key_package(kp_bytes, is_inbox_id_credential).await?;

// 5. Mark previous key packages for deletion
conn.mark_key_package_before_id_to_be_deleted(history_id)?;
Location: crates/xmtp_mls/src/identity.rs:681-690

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Post-Quantum Key Package Extensions

LibXMTP includes post-quantum encryption in key packages using XWing-06. Extension structure: 
pub struct WrapperEncryptionExtension {
    pub hpke_welcome_key: Vec<u8>, // XWing-06 public key (1216 bytes)
}
The corresponding private key is stored locally using a derived storage key: 
fn pq_key_package_references_key(pub_key: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
    blake3::hash(pub_key).as_bytes().to_vec()
}
Location: crates/xmtp_mls/src/groups/mls_ext.rs

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Key Package Validation

When fetching a key package for another user: MLS validation (OpenMLS): 
let kp = kp_in.validate(
    crypto_provider,
    MLS_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
    openmls::prelude::LeafNodeLifetimePolicy::Verify,
)?;
XMTP validation:
  1. Extract and decode MLS credential
  2. Fetch identity updates for the inbox
  3. Verify installation key is in the current association state
let installation_key = key_package.leaf_node().signature_key();
let state = get_state(identity_updates)?;
assert!(state.installation_ids().contains(&installation_key));
Location: crates/xmtp_mls/src/verified_key_package_v2.rs:74-86

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Automatic Rotation

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Rotation Worker

The KeyPackagesCleanerWorker runs periodically to:
  1. Delete expired key packages
  2. Rotate the key package if needed
Configuration: 
const CLEANUP_INTERVAL_SECS: u64 = 60; // Run every 60 seconds
const KEY_PACKAGE_ROTATION_INTERVAL_NS: u64 = 90 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1_000_000_000;
Location: crates/xmtp_mls/src/worker/key_package_cleaner.rs

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Rotation Trigger Logic

1. After Welcome Message When processing a Welcome: 
// After successfully joining group
identity.queue_key_rotation(conn).await?;
2. Periodic Check The worker checks if rotation is due: 
async fn rotate_last_key_package_if_needed(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
    let metadata = conn.get_key_package_rotation_metadata()?;
    
    if now_ns() >= metadata.next_key_package_rotation_ns {
        identity.rotate_and_upload_key_package(
            api_client,
            storage,
            CREATE_PQ_KEY_PACKAGE_EXTENSION,
        ).await?;
    }
}
Location: crates/xmtp_mls/src/worker/key_package_cleaner.rs:189-205

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Deletion of Old Key Packages

After successful rotation: 
// Mark all key packages before the new one for deletion
conn.mark_key_package_before_id_to_be_deleted(history_id)?;

// Cleaner worker deletes them from key store
for kp in conn.get_expired_key_packages()? {
    self.delete_key_package(
        kp.key_package_hash_ref,
        kp.pq_public_key,
    )?;
}
Components deleted:
  1. OpenMLS key package from key store
  2. Post-quantum private key (if present)
  3. Database history entry (after confirmed deleted)
Location: crates/xmtp_mls/src/worker/key_package_cleaner.rs:145-170

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Key Package Reuse

LibXMTP uses last resort key packages only, meaning the same key package may be used multiple times.
Due to XMTP’s decentralized nature, it is nearly impossible to use truly ephemeral (one-time) key packages.While RFC 9420 Section 10 states key packages SHOULD NOT be reused, XMTP implements aggressive rotation to minimize the window of reuse.

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Mitigation Strategy

Immediate rotation protocol:
  1. Client publishes key package KP1 to network
  2. Alice downloads KP1 and creates a group
  3. Alice sends Welcome message encrypted with KP1’s HPKE key
  4. Client receives Welcome, joins group
  5. Client immediately rotates to KP2
  6. Any subsequent invites use KP2
Batching optimization: If the client receives multiple Welcomes before rotation:
  1. Process all Welcome messages
  2. Rotate once after processing all
  3. Reduces rotation overhead while maintaining security

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Security Considerations

Reusing a key package is equivalent to using the same static key multiple times for encryption. While not inherently insecure, it allows attackers to collect multiple ciphertexts for the same public key.Combined with other factors (weak randomness, implementation bugs), this could enable attacks. XMTP’s rotation protocol minimizes this risk.
See Section 16.8 of RFC 9420 for detailed security implications.

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Key Package Lifetime

Key packages include a lifetime extension specifying validity period: 
pub struct VerifiedLifetime {
    pub not_before: u64,  // Unix timestamp
    pub not_after: u64,   // Unix timestamp
}
OpenMLS validates that:
  • Current time ≥ not_before
  • Current time ≤ not_after
Default lifetime: XMTP uses a long lifetime for last resort key packages (typically months to years). Expired key packages are deleted by the cleaner worker.

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Manual Rotation

Applications can trigger key package rotation explicitly: 
// Queue rotation to occur soon
client.queue_key_rotation().await?;

// Or rotate immediately
client.rotate_and_upload_key_package(include_post_quantum).await?;
Manual rotation is rarely needed. The automatic rotation system handles most scenarios.

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Troubleshooting

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Key Package Upload Failures

If upload fails, the locally generated key package is not marked for deletion: 
match api_client.upload_key_package(kp_bytes, true).await {
    Ok(()) => {
        // Success - mark old packages for deletion
        conn.mark_key_package_before_id_to_be_deleted(history_id)?;
    }
    Err(err) => {
        // Failure - keep the new package for retry
        return Err(IdentityError::ApiClient(err));
    }
}
This prevents orphaned key packages when signature validation fails on the network.

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Rotation Timing

The rotation interval is tracked in nanoseconds: 
struct KeyPackageRotationMetadata {
    next_key_package_rotation_ns: u64,
}

// After successful upload
conn.reset_key_package_rotation_queue(KEY_PACKAGE_ROTATION_INTERVAL_NS)?;
Location: Database key_package_rotation_metadata table

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