Muxers

# Convert container format
ffmpeg -i input.avi -c copy output.mkv

# Specify output format explicitly
ffmpeg -i input.avi -f mp4 output.mp4

# Multiple audio streams
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i audio1.aac -i audio2.aac -c copy -map 0:v -map 1:a -map 2:a output.mkv

# MP4 with fast start (web optimization)
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -movflags +faststart output.mp4

# MP4 with fragmentation
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -movflags +frag_keyframe+empty_moov output.mp4

# Matroska with specific codec tags
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -codec_tag:v hvc1 output.mkv

# AVI with specific fourcc
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -vtag xvid output.avi

# HLS streaming
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f hls -hls_time 10 -hls_list_size 0 playlist.m3u8

# DASH streaming
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f dash -seg_duration 10 manifest.mpd

# RTP streaming
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f rtp rtp://239.0.0.1:5004

# Multiple outputs with tee muxer
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f tee "[f=mp4]output.mp4|[f=mkv]output.mkv"

# Extract frames to PNG
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -f image2 frame%04d.png

# Extract frames at specific rate
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf fps=1 -f image2 frame%04d.jpg

# Create animated PNG
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -f apng output.png

# Create GIF
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -f gif output.gif

# Generate CRC for verification
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -f framecrc output.crc

# Generate MD5 hash
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -f md5 output.md5

# Null output (for testing encoding speed)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -f null -

# Set container metadata
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -metadata title="My Video" -metadata artist="Creator" output.mkv

# Add chapters
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -i chapters.txt -c copy -map_chapters 1 output.mkv

# Custom stream metadata
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -metadata:s:a:0 language=eng -metadata:s:a:1 language=spa output.mkv

# Set disposition
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -disposition:a:0 default output.mkv

# Basic HLS
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f hls output.m3u8

# Custom segment duration
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f hls -hls_time 6 output.m3u8

# Keep all segments
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f hls -hls_list_size 0 output.m3u8

# Custom segment naming
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f hls -hls_segment_filename 'segment_%03d.ts' output.m3u8

# Generate separate playlists
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f hls -master_pl_name master.m3u8 output.m3u8

# Basic DASH
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f dash output.mpd

# Custom segment duration
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f dash -seg_duration 5 output.mpd

# Custom initialization segment
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f dash -init_seg_name init-\$RepresentationID\$.m4s output.mpd

# Enable single file mode
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f dash -single_file 1 output.mpd

# Segment video by time
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f segment -segment_time 60 output%03d.mp4

# Segment at keyframes
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f segment -segment_time 60 -force_key_frames "expr:gte(t,n_forced*60)" output%03d.mp4

# Segment with list
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f segment -segment_list segments.txt output%03d.mp4

# Custom segment format
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -f segment -segment_format mpegts output%03d.ts

# Fast start for web
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -movflags +faststart output.mp4

# Fragment for streaming
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -movflags +frag_keyframe+empty_moov output.mp4

# Separate MOOF (for DASH/HLS)
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -movflags +frag_keyframe+separate_moof+default_base_moof output.mp4

# Write ISML manifest
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -movflags +isml+frag_keyframe output.mp4

# Force format when extension doesn't match
ffmpeg -i input.avi -c copy -f matroska output.file

# Fix container without re-encoding
ffmpeg -i broken.mp4 -c copy -f mp4 fixed.mp4

# Interleave properly for streaming
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -c copy -max_interleave_delta 0 output.mp4

# Set explicit codec tags
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy -tag:v hvc1 output.mp4