Zeroize Audit - Trail of Bits Skills

Audit C/C++/Rust code for missing zeroization of sensitive data and detect compiler-removed memory wiping through assembly-level analysis. Essential for cryptographic implementations and systems handling secrets.

Overview

The Zeroize Audit plugin performs comprehensive analysis to ensure sensitive data is properly cleared from memory:

Source-level detection - Missing zeroization, partial wipes, incorrect sizes
Compiler optimization analysis - Dead-store elimination removing security-critical wipes
Assembly verification - Stack retention and register spills with proof
Control-flow analysis - Zeroization missing on error paths
Proof-of-concept validation - Every finding backed by working exploit code

This plugin requires buildable code with compile_commands.json (C/C++) or Cargo.toml (Rust) and performs read-only analysis - it does not modify your codebase.

When to Use

Crypto Implementations

Keys, seeds, nonces, secrets in cryptographic code

Authentication Systems

Passwords, tokens, session data, credentials

PII Handling

Personal information requiring secure cleanup

Security Audits

Verifying secure memory handling in security-critical code

When NOT to Use

General code review without security focus
Performance optimization (unless related to secure wiping)
Refactoring tasks not related to sensitive data
Code without identifiable secrets or sensitive values

Supported Languages

C/C++

Requirements:

compile_commands.json (generate with CMake or Bear)
clang on PATH for IR/assembly analysis
Buildable translation units

Generate compile database:

cmake -B build -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON

Rust

Requirements:

Cargo.toml in crate root
cargo +nightly for MIR/LLVM IR emission
uv for running analysis scripts
Crate must pass cargo check

Preflight validation:

tools/validate_rust_toolchain.sh --manifest Cargo.toml

Analysis Pipeline

The plugin uses an 11-agent architecture across 8 phases:

Phase 0: Preflight

Validates toolchain, compile DB, creates working directory, enumerates translation units

Phase 1: Source Analysis

Wave 1: MCP resolver (C/C++ only, semantic context)Wave 2a: Source analyzer (C/C++, parallel)Wave 2b: Rust source analyzer (Rustdoc JSON + dangerous APIs, parallel)Produces: MISSING_SOURCE_ZEROIZE, PARTIAL_WIPE, SECRET_COPY, INSECURE_HEAP_ALLOC

Phase 2: Compiler Analysis

Wave 3: Per-TU compiler analyzer (C/C++, N parallel)Wave 3R: Rust compiler analyzer (MIR, LLVM IR, assembly)Produces: OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE, STACK_RETENTION, REGISTER_SPILL, LOOP_UNROLLED_INCOMPLETE

Phase 3: Interim Report

Report assembler collects findings from all agents, applies confidence gates

Phase 4: PoC Generation

Generates bespoke proof-of-concept programs for each finding (C/C++ all categories; Rust: MISSING_SOURCE_ZEROIZE, SECRET_COPY, PARTIAL_WIPE)

Phase 5: PoC Validation

Compiles and runs PoCs, verifies each proves its claimed vulnerability, presents failures to user

Phase 6: Final Report

Merges PoC validation results, produces comprehensive markdown report + structured JSON

Phase 7: Test Generation (Optional)

Generates runtime validation test harnesses

Finding Categories

Source-Level Findings

MISSING_SOURCE_ZEROIZE

No zeroization found in source code for sensitive object.Evidence required: Source analysis onlyPoC support: Yes (C/C++ + Rust)Example:

void process_key(uint8_t *key, size_t len) {
    // ... use key ...
    return;  // No explicit_bzero or memset_s
}

PARTIAL_WIPE

Zeroization with incorrect size or incomplete coverage.Evidence required: Source analysis onlyPoC support: Yes (C/C++ + Rust)Example:

explicit_bzero(key, 16);  // Key is 32 bytes, only wiped 16

SECRET_COPY

Sensitive data copied without zeroization tracking.Evidence required: Source + MCP semantic analysis preferredPoC support: Yes (C/C++ + Rust)Example:

uint8_t backup_key[32];
memcpy(backup_key, secret_key, 32);  // Copy without cleanup

INSECURE_HEAP_ALLOC

Secret uses insecure allocator instead of secure_malloc.Evidence required: Source analysis onlyPoC support: Yes (C/C++ only)Example:

uint8_t *key = malloc(32);  // Should use secure allocator

Compiler-Level Findings

OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE

Compiler removed zeroization via dead-store elimination.Evidence required: IR diff (O0 vs O1/O2) showing wipe removal - NEVER valid without compiler evidencePoC support: YesExample IR evidence:

O0: 32 volatile stores targeting key_buf
O2: 0 volatile stores (all eliminated by DSE)

STACK_RETENTION

Stack frame may retain secrets after function return.Evidence required:

C/C++: Assembly showing secret bytes on stack at ret
Rust: LLVM IR alloca + lifetime.end without volatile store; assembly corroboration upgrades to confirmed

PoC support: Yes (C/C++ only)Example:

subq $64, %rsp       ; Allocate 64-byte stack frame
; ... use secret ...
retq                 ; Return without zeroing stack

REGISTER_SPILL

Secrets spilled from registers to stack without cleanup.Evidence required:

C/C++: Assembly showing spill instruction
Rust: LLVM IR load + non-zeroize call; assembly corroboration upgrades to confirmed

PoC support: Yes (C/C++ only)Example:

movq %rax, -16(%rsp)  ; Spill secret register to stack

MISSING_ON_ERROR_PATH

Error-handling paths lack cleanup that normal paths have.Evidence required: CFG or MCP analysisPoC support: YesExample:

if (error) return -1;  // Early return skips explicit_bzero below
explicit_bzero(key, 32);

Approved Zeroization APIs

C/C++

Recommended
Volatile Loop (with barrier)
LLVM IR Evidence

explicit_bzero(ptr, size);        // POSIX
memset_s(ptr, size, 0, size);     // C11
SecureZeroMemory(ptr, size);      // Windows
OPENSSL_cleanse(ptr, size);       // OpenSSL
sodium_memzero(ptr, size);        // libsodium

volatile uint8_t *p = (volatile uint8_t *)ptr;
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    p[i] = 0;
}
asm volatile("" ::: "memory");  // Compiler barrier

The plugin recognizes these patterns in IR:

llvm.memset with volatile flag
Volatile stores to secret locations
Non-elidable wipe function calls

Rust

use zeroize::{Zeroize, Zeroizing, ZeroizeOnDrop};

// Method 1: Explicit call
let mut secret = vec![0u8; 32];
// ... use secret ...
secret.zeroize();

// Method 2: Wrapper (drop-based)
let secret = Zeroizing::new(vec![0u8; 32]);
// Automatically zeroized on drop

// Method 3: Derive macro
#[derive(Zeroize, ZeroizeOnDrop)]
struct SecretKey {
    bytes: [u8; 32],
}

Usage Examples

C/C++ Analysis

{
  "path": ".",
  "compile_db": "build/compile_commands.json",
  "opt_levels": ["O0", "O1", "O2"],
  "languages": ["c", "cpp"],
  "enable_asm": true,
  "enable_cfg": true
}

Rust Analysis

{
  "path": ".",
  "cargo_manifest": "Cargo.toml",
  "opt_levels": ["O0", "O2"],
  "enable_asm": true
}

Mixed C/C++ + Rust

{
  "path": ".",
  "compile_db": "build/compile_commands.json",
  "cargo_manifest": "rust-components/Cargo.toml",
  "opt_levels": ["O0", "O2"],
  "mcp_mode": "prefer"
}

Confidence Gating

Evidence Requirements

A finding requires 2+ independent signals for confirmed confidence:

1 Signal

Mark as likely - requires review

2+ Signals

Mark as confirmed - high confidence

0 Strong Signals

Mark as needs_review - name pattern only

Signals include:

Name pattern match (e.g., secret_key, password)
Type hint match (e.g., uint8_t key[32])
Explicit annotation or comment
IR evidence (wipe present at O0, absent at O2)
Assembly evidence (stack/register not cleared)
MCP cross-reference (semantic analysis)
CFG evidence (path analysis)
PoC validation (exploit proves vulnerability)

Hard Evidence Requirements

These findings are NEVER valid without specified evidence:

OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE - Requires IR diff
STACK_RETENTION - Requires assembly excerpt
REGISTER_SPILL - Requires assembly excerpt

PoC Validation Impact

PoC Result	Verified	Impact
Exit 0 (exploitable)	Yes	Upgrade `likely` → `confirmed`
Exit 1 (not exploitable)	Yes	Downgrade to `low` severity
Exit 0/1	No (user accepted)	Weaker signal, note verification failure
Exit 0/1	No (user rejected)	No confidence change, mark `rejected`
Compile failure	—	No confidence change, annotate

Output Format

Each run produces two outputs:

1. final-report.md (Human-Readable)

# Zeroize Audit Report

Run ID: zeroize-audit-20240115-143022
Timestamp: 2024-01-15 14:30:22

## Executive Summary
- Critical: 2
- High: 5
- Medium: 3
- Low: 1

## Findings

### [ZA-0001] OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE (Critical, Confirmed)
**Location:** src/crypto.c:42 (`key_buf`)

**Evidence:**
- O0: 32 volatile stores targeting key_buf
- O2: 0 volatile stores (all eliminated)
- Diff: Classic DSE pattern - all wipe stores removed

**PoC:** generated_pocs/ZA-0001.c (validated: exploitable)

**Fix:**
```c
explicit_bzero(key_buf, sizeof(key_buf));

### 2. findings.json (Machine-Readable)

```json
{
  "run_id": "zeroize-audit-20240115-143022",
  "findings": [
    {
      "id": "ZA-0001",
      "category": "OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE",
      "severity": "critical",
      "confidence": "confirmed",
      "language": "c",
      "file": "src/crypto.c",
      "line": 42,
      "symbol": "key_buf",
      "evidence": "store volatile i8 0 count: O0=32, O2=0",
      "compiler_evidence": {
        "opt_levels": ["O0", "O2"],
        "o0": "32 volatile stores targeting key_buf",
        "o2": "0 volatile stores (all eliminated)"
      },
      "suggested_fix": "Replace memset with explicit_bzero",
      "poc": {
        "file": "generated_pocs/ZA-0001.c",
        "validated": true,
        "validation_result": "exploitable"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Rust-Specific Analysis

Source Layer (Rustdoc JSON)

Detection patterns:

Pattern	Category	Severity
`#[derive(Copy)]` on sensitive type	`SECRET_COPY`	Critical
No `Zeroize`/`ZeroizeOnDrop`/`Drop` impl	`MISSING_SOURCE_ZEROIZE`	High
Partial `Drop` (not all fields zeroed)	`PARTIAL_WIPE`	High
`mem::forget` / `ManuallyDrop::new`	`MISSING_SOURCE_ZEROIZE`	Critical
`ptr::write_bytes` without `compiler_fence`	`OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE`	Medium

MIR Layer

Detection patterns:

Pattern	Category	Severity
Drop glue without `call zeroize::`	`MISSING_SOURCE_ZEROIZE`	High
`Yield` terminator with live secret local	`NOT_ON_ALL_PATHS`	High
Secret moved into non-Zeroizing aggregate	`SECRET_COPY`	Medium

LLVM IR Layer

Detection patterns:

Pattern	Category	Severity
`store volatile` count drops O0 → O2	`OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE`	High
`@llvm.memset` without volatile flag	`OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE`	High
`alloca` present at O0, absent at O2 (SROA)	`OPTIMIZED_AWAY_ZEROIZE`	High

Assembly Layer (Optional)

Corroboration patterns:

Pattern	Category	Notes
`subq $N, %rsp` with no zero-store before `retq`	`STACK_RETENTION`	x86-64 only
`movq %reg, -N(%rsp)` (register spill)	`REGISTER_SPILL`	Caller-saved registers
`drop_in_place::<T>` with no `call zeroize`	`MISSING_SOURCE_ZEROIZE`	Monomorphized instances

AArch64 Support: Experimental - findings require manual verification. The plugin uses check_rust_asm_aarch64.py for ARM64 analysis.

Direct Tool Usage

C/C++

# Extract compile flags for a source file
FLAGS=($(python tools/extract_compile_flags.py \
  --compile-db build/compile_commands.json \
  --src src/crypto.c --format lines))

# Emit LLVM IR at different optimization levels
tools/emit_ir.sh --src src/crypto.c --out /tmp/crypto.O0.ll --opt O0 -- "${FLAGS[@]}"
tools/emit_ir.sh --src src/crypto.c --out /tmp/crypto.O2.ll --opt O2 -- "${FLAGS[@]}"

# Compare IR to detect optimized-away zeroization
tools/diff_ir.sh /tmp/crypto.O0.ll /tmp/crypto.O2.ll

# Emit and analyze assembly
tools/emit_asm.sh --src src/crypto.c --out /tmp/crypto.O2.s --opt O2 -- "${FLAGS[@]}"
tools/analyze_asm.sh --asm /tmp/crypto.O2.s --out /tmp/asm.json

Rust

# Validate Rust toolchain
tools/validate_rust_toolchain.sh --manifest Cargo.toml

# Emit MIR
tools/emit_rust_mir.sh --manifest Cargo.toml --opt O0 --out /tmp/crate.O0.mir
tools/emit_rust_mir.sh --manifest Cargo.toml --opt O2 --out /tmp/crate.O2.mir

# Compare MIR across optimization levels
tools/diff_rust_mir.sh /tmp/crate.O0.mir /tmp/crate.O2.mir

# Emit LLVM IR
tools/emit_rust_ir.sh --manifest Cargo.toml --opt O0 --out /tmp/crate.O0.ll
tools/emit_rust_ir.sh --manifest Cargo.toml --opt O2 --out /tmp/crate.O2.ll

# Analyze source
uv run tools/scripts/semantic_audit.py \
  --rustdoc target/doc/mycrate.json \
  --cargo-toml Cargo.toml --out findings.json

# Analyze MIR patterns
uv run tools/scripts/check_mir_patterns.py \
  --mir /tmp/crate.mir \
  --secrets sensitive-objects.json \
  --out mir-findings.json

# Analyze LLVM IR patterns
uv run tools/scripts/check_llvm_patterns.py \
  --o0 /tmp/crate.O0.ll \
  --o2 /tmp/crate.O2.ll \
  --out ir-findings.json

# Emit and analyze assembly (optional)
tools/emit_rust_asm.sh --manifest Cargo.toml --opt O2 --out /tmp/crate.O2.s
uv run tools/scripts/check_rust_asm.py \
  --asm /tmp/crate.O2.s \
  --secrets sensitive-objects.json \
  --out asm-findings.json

Fix Recommendations

Apply in order of preference:

Platform-specific secure APIs

explicit_bzero(ptr, size);        // POSIX
SecureZeroMemory(ptr, size);      // Windows

Crypto library APIs

OPENSSL_cleanse(ptr, size);
sodium_memzero(ptr, size);

C11 secure memset
```
memset_s(ptr, size, 0, size);
```

Volatile loop with barrier

volatile uint8_t *p = ptr;
for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) p[i] = 0;
asm volatile("" ::: "memory");

Rust zeroize crate

use zeroize::{Zeroize, ZeroizeOnDrop};
secret.zeroize();

Rationalizations to Reject

The plugin rejects these common arguments:

“The compiler won’t optimize this away” - Always verify with IR evidence
“This is in a hot path” - Benchmark first; security over premature optimization
“Stack-allocated secrets are automatically cleaned” - Stack frames may persist
“memset is sufficient” - Standard memset can be optimized away
“We only handle this data briefly” - Duration is irrelevant; always zeroize
“This isn’t a real secret” - If it matches detection heuristics, audit it
“We’ll fix it later” - Emit the finding now, don’t defer

Constant-Time Analysis - Timing side-channel detection
Property-Based Testing - Test crypto invariants
Testing Handbook Skills - Security testing patterns

References

Plugin reference documentation in skills/zeroize-audit/references/
Detection strategy guide: references/detection-strategy.md
MCP analysis guide: references/mcp-analysis.md
IR analysis guide: references/ir-analysis.md
PoC generation guide: references/poc-generation.md
Rust patterns guide: references/rust-zeroization-patterns.md

Author: Trail of BitsVersion: 0.1.0MCP Integration: Serena (optional, for C/C++ semantic analysis)

Get Started

Core Concepts

Smart Contract Security

Code Auditing

Static Analysis Tools

Verification & Testing

Specialized Tools

Development

Infrastructure & Tools

Other

​Overview

​When to Use

Crypto Implementations

Authentication Systems

PII Handling

Security Audits

​When NOT to Use

​Supported Languages

​C/C++

​Rust

​Analysis Pipeline

​Finding Categories

​Source-Level Findings

​Compiler-Level Findings

​Approved Zeroization APIs

​C/C++

​Rust

​Usage Examples

​C/C++ Analysis

​Rust Analysis

​Mixed C/C++ + Rust

​Confidence Gating

​Evidence Requirements

​Hard Evidence Requirements

​PoC Validation Impact

​Output Format

​1. final-report.md (Human-Readable)

​Rust-Specific Analysis

​Source Layer (Rustdoc JSON)

​MIR Layer

​LLVM IR Layer

​Assembly Layer (Optional)

​Direct Tool Usage

​C/C++

​Rust

​Fix Recommendations

​Rationalizations to Reject

​Related Plugins

​References

Build docs developers (and LLMs) love

Overview

When to Use

When NOT to Use

Supported Languages

C/C++

Rust

Analysis Pipeline

Finding Categories

Source-Level Findings

Compiler-Level Findings

Approved Zeroization APIs

C/C++

Rust

Usage Examples

C/C++ Analysis

Rust Analysis

Mixed C/C++ + Rust

Confidence Gating

Evidence Requirements

Hard Evidence Requirements

PoC Validation Impact

Output Format

1. final-report.md (Human-Readable)

Rust-Specific Analysis

Source Layer (Rustdoc JSON)

MIR Layer

LLVM IR Layer

Assembly Layer (Optional)

Direct Tool Usage

C/C++

Rust

Fix Recommendations

Rationalizations to Reject

Related Plugins

References